IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 6 Thermo-mechanical chillers Klaus Ellehauge (Ellehauge and Kildermoos, Denmark) 6.1 Brief description of the technology Thermo-mechanical chillers are mechanically driven heat-pumps where the mechanical driving forces are provided by conversion of low temperature heat to mechanical energy. The idea of providing cooling by combining a mechanical heat pump with a machine for conversion of low temperature heat to mechanical power has only been tried by very few companies. To be successful it would seem desirable to integrate the mechanical structure and the thermodynamics of the two processes. Of course in separate processes, the mechanical driven heat pump is a well known technology, while the applicable technology for the conversion of low temperature heat, e.g from a solar collector, to mechanical power is not so well developed. This technology is available only from a small number of larger companies, while a larger amount of smaller companies are researching the technology. The conversion of thermal power to mechanical power follows the Rankine cycle. In order to keep the driving temperatures low it is most common to operate the Rankine machine with an organic liquid as the working fluid. The technology making use of organic Rankine cycles is often referred to as ORC technology. The temperature ranges in which the ORC machines run efficiently are however not low enough to fully suit low temperature solar collectors. However a Danish system under development that uses water at low pressure, operates at temperatures suited for solar collectors and provides cooling as well. page 65
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 6.2 Companies on the market 6.2.1 Designs based on the combined use of solar thermal and thermo-mechanical cooling AC-Sun: AC-Sun is a Danish company developing a turbo/expander, which works with water as a process agent at low pressure and temperatures, and which is driven by thermal solar panels. The conventional thermal solar collector produces low temperature steam on vacuum. Figure 33: Principle sketch of AC-Sun The plant is a closed self-contained unit, and only needs to be connected to the thermal solar collector, which consists of a traditional thermal solar panel using water with temperatures between 75-95˚C. District heating or waste heat can also be used as a heat source in the same temperature range. An expander, based on a Rankine process, uses the energy from solar panels to operate a compressor, which through a Carnot process cools air in traditional air coolers. In the expander (turbine) the energy of the steam is converted into rotational energy which drives the compressor on the same shaft. The compressor - maintaining a vacuum in the cooling circuit - allows for the water to boil at low temperature and low pressure. As the water boils and evaporates, energy is absorbed. This energy is delivered by the circulating air in the air cooler, whereby the temperature in the surrounding areas is lowered. The steam produced in the cooling process and the solar collector is finally condensed in two air cooled condensers. Electrical power consumption for driving the fans for air distribution and the small water pumps is only 10% of normal AC consumption. AC-Sun, design basis: For industrial air-conditioning plants for the Mediterranean area, the following conditions are assumed: an inlet temperature of 17°C and an outdoor temperature of 35°C. These are kept in the upcoming turbine construction with or without water supply. The design capacity is based on: Outdoor air temperature 35˚C (Range 25 - 40˚C) page 66
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<strong>IEA</strong> SHC Task 38 <strong>Solar</strong> Air Conditioning <strong>and</strong> Refriger<strong>at</strong>ion Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010<br />
6.2 Companies on the market<br />
6.2.1 Designs based on the combined use of solar thermal <strong>and</strong> thermo-mechanical<br />
cooling<br />
AC-Sun:<br />
AC-Sun is a Danish company developing a turbo/exp<strong>and</strong>er, which works with w<strong>at</strong>er as a<br />
process agent <strong>at</strong> low pressure <strong>and</strong> temper<strong>at</strong>ures, <strong>and</strong> which is driven by thermal solar<br />
panels. The conventional thermal solar collector produces low temper<strong>at</strong>ure steam on<br />
vacuum.<br />
Figure 33: Principle sketch of AC-Sun<br />
The plant is a closed self-contained unit, <strong>and</strong> only needs to be connected to the thermal solar<br />
collector, which consists of a traditional thermal solar panel using w<strong>at</strong>er with temper<strong>at</strong>ures<br />
between 75-95˚C. District he<strong>at</strong>ing or waste he<strong>at</strong> can also be used as a he<strong>at</strong> source in the<br />
same temper<strong>at</strong>ure range. An exp<strong>and</strong>er, based on a Rankine process, uses the energy from<br />
solar panels to oper<strong>at</strong>e a compressor, which through a Carnot process cools air in traditional<br />
air coolers.<br />
In the exp<strong>and</strong>er (turbine) the energy of the steam is converted into rot<strong>at</strong>ional energy which<br />
drives the compressor on the same shaft. The compressor - maintaining a vacuum in the<br />
cooling circuit - allows for the w<strong>at</strong>er to boil <strong>at</strong> low temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>and</strong> low pressure. As the w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
boils <strong>and</strong> evapor<strong>at</strong>es, energy is absorbed. This energy is delivered by the circul<strong>at</strong>ing air in<br />
the air cooler, whereby the temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the surrounding areas is lowered.<br />
The steam produced in the cooling process <strong>and</strong> the solar collector is finally condensed in two<br />
air cooled condensers. Electrical power consumption for driving the fans for air distribution<br />
<strong>and</strong> the small w<strong>at</strong>er pumps is only 10% of normal AC consumption.<br />
AC-Sun, design basis:<br />
For industrial air-conditioning plants for the Mediterranean area, the following conditions are<br />
assumed: an inlet temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 17°C <strong>and</strong> an outdoor temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 35°C. These are kept<br />
in the upcoming turbine construction with or without w<strong>at</strong>er supply.<br />
The design capacity is based on:<br />
Outdoor air temper<strong>at</strong>ure 35˚C (Range 25 - 40˚C)<br />
page 66
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