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IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 absorption occur at the same time, while the substrate is still solid. Aristov [59] introduced a salt impregnated silica gel. In Núñez [64] the potential of this material for heat storage was estimated. AlPOs consist of alternating AlO – 2 and PO + 4 units, forming a similar structure like zeolites. The share of Al- and P-atoms is equal (besides lattice defects). The anion framework is electrically neutral but high electro-negativity leads to good adsorption characteristics. Properties are given e.g. Henninger [60]. In Jänchen [65] next to water also data for methanol as refrigerant are given. SAPOs have a similar structure like AlPOs. They are based on AlO – 2 and PO + 4 units but some of the Al 3+ ions are substituted by Si 4+ . Also, the embedding of FeO 4 tetrahedrons is possible and already investigated (MeAPO). Information about these groups can be found in Jänchen [65] and Henninger [60]. A good overview of the embedding of metal ions into AlPOs is given by Rajic [66]. The most novel working pair is water/metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are based on an inorganic cluster, so to say, a coordinated network of inorganic compounds and connected together by a linker. The choice of the cluster and linker – the so called cluster/linker concept - allows varying the size of the cavity that is responsible for the uptake of refrigerant. MOFs are described by Henninger [60]. 3.3.5 Component development Several working groups are working on the development of different components in adsorption chillers or in the enclosed system like evaporators, new heat storages, etc. The focus is on the development of adsorbers and the concept of heat & mass recovery between multiple adsorbers. The relevant documents for the development of adsorbers have already been mentioned in the paragraph about heat & mass transfer. In the area of heat & mass recovery during the switching process for adsorbers, two papers should be mentioned: Pons [82] reports about mass recovery – the recycling of refrigerant vapour, which is easily possible in adsorption chillers with two or more beds, and Schmidt [81] describes a new method to recycle heat with the help of stratified storage. 3.3.6 State-of-the-art Chillers Many projects demonstrate the working principle of adsorption chillers. The following is just a small list of applications. The adsorption chiller described by Núñez [42] is now developed to the standard product of SorTech. Chwieduk et al [45] describe the SOCOOL project - two adsorption chillers working with heat sources at 200°C and 90°C. Working pairs are water/SWS1L and ammonia/activated-carbon. De Boer [46] describes experiments with a 3,6 kW cooling power water/silica-gel adsorption chiller with hot water 80-90°C, cooling water 20-35°C and chilled water 6-10°C. The group of Wang is working basically on two small scale adsorption chillers, a water/silicagel adsorption chiller and an ammonia/activated-carbon adsorption chiller. A review is given in Wang [80]. Various reports (e.g. Wang [78] and Zhai [79]) show the development of the water/silica-gel adsorption chiller. More information about the ammonia/activated-carbon chiller, which is used for ice making can be found e.g. in Wang [70]. 3.4 Suppliers The main suppliers of adsorption machines can be classified in two groups: suppliers of large machines with chilling powers above 70kW and suppliers of small machines. Today the only page 33
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 provider of large adsorption chillers is the company Mayekawa from Japan offering Water- Zeolite machines with 108kW, 215kW and 429kW. For small machines two new players are offering their small-series products: SorTech from Germany (www.sortech.de) with an 8kW and 15kW water-silica gel chiller and the company Invensor also from Germany (www.invensor.de) with a 7kW and 10kW water-zeolite chillers. A further development has been carried out at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China but the status of the availability of a commercial machine is not known. 3.5 Literature list [41] SIMADER, Günter, RAKOS, Christian, Klimatisierung, Kühlung und Klimaschutz: Technologien, Wirtschaftlichkeit und C02–Reduktionspotentiale – Materialsammlung. http://www.energyagency.at/(de)/publ/kkk_material.pdf - 7 March 2005 – Wien. [42] WU, D.W., WANG, R.Z, Combined cooling, heating and power: A review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006), p. 459-495. [43] NÚÑEZ, T, MITTELBACH, W., HENNING, H-M., Development of a Small Capacity Adsorption System for Heating and Cooling Applications. International Sorption Heat Pump Conference (2005), June 22-24; Denver, Co, USA – proceedings. [44] WANG, R.Z., KONG, X.Q., WU, J.Y., HUANGFU, Y., WU, D.W., Performance and Research of a Micro CCHP System with Adsorption Chiller. International Sorption Heat Pump Conference (2005), June 22-24, Denver, Co, USA – proceedings. [45] CHWIEDUK, D., POMIERNY, W., CRITOPH, R.E., RESTUCCIA, G., FRENI, A., DE BOER, R., SMEDING, S.F., MALVICINO, C., Tri-generation in the tertiary sector. In: World Renewable Energy Congress VIII, 28.08.-03.09.2004, Denver, Colorado, USA – proceedings. [46] DE BOER, R., SMEDING, S.F., GRISEL, R.J.H., Performance of silica-gel+water adsorption cooling system for use in small-scale tri-generation applications. Heat Powered Cycles Conference 2006 – proceedings. [47] SCHNABEL, Lena, Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchung der Adsorptionskinetik von Wasser an Adsorbens-Metallverbundstrukturen. Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät für Prozesswissenschaften, 2008, PhD-Thesis. [48] BERG, A., BAUMEISER, J., RAUSCH, G., BUSSE, M., SCHNABEL, L., BAUER, J., Application of Aluminium Sponges in the Adsorption Refrigeration Engineering, 5 th international Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (Montreal, Canada 2007) - conference proceedings. [49] BONACCORSI, L., FRENI, A., PROVERBIO, E., RESTUCCIA, G., RUSSO, F., Zeolite coated copper foams for heat pumping applications. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 91 (2006), p. 7-14. [50] CORONAS, J., SANTAMARIA, J., The use of zeolite films in small-scale and micro-scale applications. Chemical Engineering Science 59 (2004), Vol. 22, p.4879-4885. [51] BEVING, Derek E., O’NEILL, Cory R., YAN, Yushan, Hydrophilic and antimicrobial lowsilica-zeolite LTA and high-silica-zeolite MFI hybrid coatings on aluminium alloys. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 108 (Feb. 2008), p. 77-85. [52] YANG, Guohui, ZHANG Xiongfu, LIU, Shuqin, YEUNG, King Lun, WANG, Jinqu, A novel method for the assembly of nano-zeolite crystals on porous stainless steel microchannel and then zeolite film growth. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 68 (2007), p. 26-31. [53] BONACCORSI, Lucio, FRENI, Angelo, PROVERBIO, Edoardo, RESTUCCIA, Giovanni, RUSO, Fabio, Zeolite coated copper foams for heat pumping applications. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 91 (2006), p.7-14. [54] SCHEFFLER, Franziska, HERRMANN, Ralph, SCHWIEGER, Wilhelm, SCHEFFLER, Michael, Preparation and properties of an electrically heatable aluminium foam/zeolite composite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 67 (January 2004), pages 53-59. page 34
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Endbericht Solare Kühlung und Klim
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Task 38 Solar Air-Conditioning and
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IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Condition
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3.1 Adsorption Systems Table 1: Ads
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4 Heat Rejection There is a number
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IEA SHC Task 38 Monitoring Procedur
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Table of tables Table 1 List of ele
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Pompe évaporateur + compteur C3 Dr
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80 70 Temperature (°C) 60 50 40 3
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Power (kW) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
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Power (kW) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
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79 Spain Private House Olivares-Sev
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- Leistungsvergleich von verfügbar
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Subtask A: Pre-engineered systems f
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Tekniker Centro Tecnológico Teknik
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