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IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report, November 2009 2.2.1 Heat Storage There are 4 basic categories regarding heat storage. • Category A: No controlled storage device for space heating. There is no tank for storing energy for space heating. These systems use either the floor slab of the building with an underfloor heating system for storage purposes or there is no possibility at all to store heat for space heating. • Category B: Heat management and stratification enhancement by means of multiple tanks (“distributed storage”) and or multiple inlet/outlet pipes and/or 3- or 4-way valves to control the flows through the inlet/outlet pipes. • Category C: Tanks using natural convection only to maintain stratification to a certain extent but without built-in stratification devices (“stratifiers”) for further stratification enhancement. • Category D: Heat management using natural convection in storage tanks and built-in stratification devices 2.2.2 Auxiliary Heat Management • Mixed mode (M): The heat storage tank is charged by both solar collectors and the auxiliary heater. Some of these systems have an auxiliary burner integrated into the storage tank; some use an external auxiliary heater. • Serial mode (S): The space heating loop may be fed by the auxiliary heater, or by both the solar collectors (or a storage unit for solar heat) and the auxiliary heater connected in series in the return line of the space heating loop. • Parallel mode (P): The space-heating loop may be fed alternatively by the auxiliary heater and by both the solar collectors (or a storage unit for solar heat); or there is no hydraulic connection between the solar-heat distribution and the auxiliary-heat emission. The mixed mode is by far the most common mode. However, the serial mode is more common in Spain where the mixed mode is prohibited by law. 2.2.3 Location of DHW Preparation Unit The domestic hot water preparation unit can either be located inside or outside of the heat storage tank. • Outside the storage tank: This category includes external flat plate heat exchangers that are heated from the heat storage tank. In many cases, the heat exchangers are protected from high temperatures by a tempering valve. This protects the heat exchanger from scaling. Another option is to use a separate tank to store the domestic water. The temperature of this store can be limited to lower temperatures to prevent scaling. • Domestic hot water preparation units inside the tanks are often used in solar combisystems. These include: Tank-in-tank systems where a small domestic hot water tank is integrated in the top part of the heat storage tank, different types of immersed heat exchangers such as corrugated-tubes that contain a relatively large amount of potable water that is kept at a temperature high enough to be able to deliver hot water to the tap at all times. For these systems scaling may also be a problem if the tank is used for storing heat at very high temperatures for chiller operation in summer. page 6
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report, November 2009 2.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of DHW Preparation Methods Separate DHW Tank In Fig. 2 a picture shows a possible situation of a large space heating tank and a small hot water tank. The hot water tank (200-300 ltr) is typically heated by one or two immersed heat exchangers with heat either from the solar thermal collectors, from the space heating tank or from the boiler. Alternatively, when a lot of heating power is necessary, a solution with a flat plate heat exchanger is possible to heat the hot water tank. In principle many hydraulic concepts are possible. The hot water tank can be heated by the conventional boiler, by the solar collectors or both or only indirectly by transferring heat from the main energy store. Based on this flexibility, a proper design of the specific system and the used components has to be done and strongly influences the comfort, performance and efficiency of the system. Advantages Fig. 2: Separate DHW-tank • With low temperature space heating systems (floor heating, wall heating) best “thermal stratification” can be achieved between the two very different required temperature levels (space heating loop: 25-40°C and hot water demand: 45-60°C with cold water supply from the mains of 10-5°C). • Low return temperature to the collector when the collector loop is also directly connected to the hot water tank. • Scaling problems occur mainly if a flat plate heat exchanger between main store and hot water tank is used. This can be avoided by limiting the flow temperature to the heat exchanger at 60°C. • High hot water peak power on demand side. • Maintenance and replacing of the hot water tank is facilitated. • If the boiler directly heats the auxiliary volume of the domestic hot water tank, the set point temperature for the boiler can be low. Disadvantages • Two stores require more space and piping. • Hot water tank must be resistant against corrosion. page 7
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IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at

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