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IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 Figure 3: Principle of the periodical absorption refrigeration process. a: first period, cooling of A and B: evaporation of the refrigerant in A, absorption of the refrigerant by an absorptive substance in D; b: second period, generation of refrigerant in A: boiling of a mixture refrigerant and absorptive substance in D and condensation in A. The adsorptive substance (silica gel, zeolite) adsorbs the liquid refrigerant water with a physical bond onto its extremely large surface. It is worth mentioning that the surface of 1 gram of silica gel lies in the range of 300 to 400 m 2 . So in the case of adsorption, which is normally an exothermal process, bonding energy has to be rejected out of the system. 2.2.3 Continuous (ab)sorption refrigeration processes 2.2.3.1 Components and definitions These sorption processes use liquid absorbents and have one common characteristic feature, the continuously working thermal compressor. It replaces the mechanical compressor of a vapour compression cooling system. See the important components of the thermal compressor in Figure 4. - Generator G: gaseous refrigerant is generated by boiling the working fluid - Absorber A: cool, gaseous refrigerant coming out of the evaporator is absorbed - Working fluid heat exchanger (WFHE): heat recovery from the hot and weak to the cold and strong working fluid - Working fluid pump: in the case of ammonia/water, the pressure difference is in the range of 8 to 11 bar - Working fluid control valve (WFCV): controls the level of the working fluid in the generator The single stage, continuous absorption refrigeration machine needs, in addition to the thermal compressor, a condenser C, an evaporator EV, a refrigeration control valve RCV and a working fluid control valve WFCV. This process is the basic process of all systems in group (b) of Figure 2. Description of the thermal compressor: The working fluid, mainly ammonia and water (or another working fluid pair like water/lithium bromide) is boiled in the generator by supplying heat at a suitable temperature, e.g. at 70 …100°C. Mainly ammonia leaves the generator as vapour and is condensed at the cool condenser heat exchanger, e.g. at 25 … 35°C. The ammonia which leaves the generator leads to a decrease of the ammonia concentration in the generator; therefore the boiling working fluid in the generator has to be renewed continuously. This is managed by the working fluid pump, which delivers the strong working fluid with a concentration of, e.g. 40% ammonia, from the absorber via the working fluid heat exchanger into the generator. The working fluid heat exchanger heats up the strong WF from the absorber temperature, e.g. 30 … 35°C, by heat recovery to about 65°C. So, the WF enters the generator at 65°C and starts boiling after additional heating. After a certain time of boiling, the concentration of the WF is decreased from, e.g. 40% to 35%, and is led back as weak WF via the WFHE to the absorber. The weak WF leaves the generator with an outlet temperature of about 80°C and enters the WFHE at the same temperature. The weak WF is cooled down in the WFHE by the cold, strong WF, which comes from the absorber with a temperature of about 35°C. The WFCV is controlled by the WF level in the generator and page 7
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask C1 Report, 31 October 2010 ensures that the same quantity of WF leaves the generator as it is delivered by the WF pump in the generator. That is why there is no danger that the generator becomes empty. Figure 4: Single stage, continuous working absorption refrigeration system A … absorber, G … generator, E…. evaporator, C … condenser, WFHE …working fluid heat exchanger, RCV ... refrigeration control valve, WFCV ...working fluid control valve, P... pump, R ... rectification Description of the refrigeration process: The condensed refrigerant leaves the condenser C and is injected in the evaporator E via the RCV. The evaporator E works at the low pressure level, e.g. 2 bars, and the refrigerant boils and evaporates at temperatures of about 0 … to 5°C. The cold ammonia vapour leaves the evaporator E and flows to the absorber A, which absorbs the refrigerant vapour at an absorber working fluid temperature of about 35 to 40°C. Heat ratio: Of high interest is the answer to the question: “What is the relation of the heat delivered to the cooling capacity of the system including the electric energy for the WF pump?” This question could be answered by the heat ratio, which is defined in the German literature [2] by the following equation. Q0 ζ = Q H + P el ζ … heat ratio Q 0 …cooling capacity (kW) Q H …heat for the generator (kW) P el ….electric energy for WF pump (kW) Also the thermal coefficient of performance (COP thermal ) is sometimes used Q0 COPth = Q H page 8
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Endbericht Solare Kühlung und Klim
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3.1 Adsorption Systems Table 1: Ads
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IEA SHC Task 38 Monitoring Procedur
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79 Spain Private House Olivares-Sev
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- Leistungsvergleich von verfügbar
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a) b) c) Abb. 9: Installation eines
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Subtask C: Modelling and fundamenta
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Tekniker Centro Tecnológico Teknik
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