IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A-D3b, Date: December 2010 Fractional primary energy savings, - 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Graz 09/10 Chambéry 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Gröbming 09/10 Freiburg 09/10 Figure 8: Fractional primary energy savings for the winter months for the 5 systems where sufficient monitoring data is available (assuming backup with gas boiler for all systems) 3.6 Collector Yield Another interesting figure is the reached collector yield. Only 6 systems were monitored over a whole year of operation. Figure 9 shows the annual collector yield of these 6 systems. The reached values range from 250 kWh / (m² a) to slightly over 400 kWh / (m² a). Of course the collector yield depends very much on the system concept and the energy management strategy. Monitoring shows that high values around 400 kWh / (m² a) are possible. The systems with significantly lower values very likely still have optimization potential. For example, the system in Freiburg uses solar energy only if it reaches the temperature required to drive the heat pump and not for preheating. Annual collector yield, kWh/(m 2 a) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Qcoll - Task 38 Monitoring Systems Subtask A Annual Perpignan 2009 Graz 09/10 Chambéry 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Garching 2009 Freiburg 09/10 Figure 9: Annual collector yield of the 6 systems with a complete year of monitoring data 3.7 Water Consumption Cooling Towers For 5 systems the water consumption of the wet or hybrid cooling towers was measured. A sixth system (Freiburg) had no water consumption at all because boreholes were used for rejecting heat. page 56
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A-D3b, Date: December 2010 The Figure 10 shows that the data scatter a lot for the different months and systems. There are some values of 0; this means that the value was not measured for this particular system and this particular month. The reasons for scattering data are on one hand different weather conditions in the different locations and months as well as the different technologies. The systems in Perpignan and Graz use dry heat rejection systems with external spraying. The other 3 systems use wet cooling towers. Water consumption, L per kWh dissipated heat 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Perpignan 2009 Graz 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Gröbming 09/10 Gleisdorf 2010 Figure 10: Water consumption of cooling towers per unit of rejected heat On the other hand, the large differences between the systems also show that also in terms of water consumption, many systems can still be optimized. 4 Conclusions Within this task, 11 small-scale solar heating and cooling systems have been monitored in great detail. All of them have operated and produced heat and cold reliably during most of the monitoring period. However, the performance figures vary significantly. Some systems show very good results in terms of total electrical COPs as well as fractional primary energy savings. In some cases, this is due to the fact that during the monitoring campaign the system has been improved in a certain way. Comparison of the performance figures revealed that all or most systems still have optimization potential. Even the systems that have bad performance figure could very likely be improved to reach good values. The main optimization potential of most systems lies in the electricity consumption of certain components such as pumps or cooling tower fans. On one hand, the selection of these components is important. Energy efficient units should be chosen. On the other hand, the control strategy especially if operated in part load can reduce the electricity consumption significantly. This monitoring campaign showed that A good system design is important in order to reach good performance figures. Monitoring of this kind of system is necessary to ensure proper operation because it still is a relatively new technology. It enables the system supplier to further improve the system during operation and to maximize primary energy savings of the system. page 57
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<strong>IEA</strong> SHC Task 38 <strong>Solar</strong> Air Conditioning <strong>and</strong> Refriger<strong>at</strong>ion Subtask A Report A-D3b, D<strong>at</strong>e: December 2010<br />
Fractional primary energy savings, -<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
-20%<br />
-40%<br />
-60%<br />
-80%<br />
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr<br />
Graz 09/10 Chambéry 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Gröbming 09/10 Freiburg 09/10<br />
Figure 8: Fractional primary energy savings for the winter months for the 5 systems where sufficient<br />
monitoring d<strong>at</strong>a is available (assuming backup with gas boiler for all systems)<br />
3.6 Collector Yield<br />
Another interesting figure is the reached collector yield. Only 6 systems were monitored over<br />
a whole year of oper<strong>at</strong>ion. Figure 9 shows the annual collector yield of these 6 systems. The<br />
reached values range from 250 kWh / (m² a) to slightly over 400 kWh / (m² a).<br />
Of course the collector yield depends very much on the system concept <strong>and</strong> the energy<br />
management str<strong>at</strong>egy. Monitoring shows th<strong>at</strong> high values around 400 kWh / (m² a) are<br />
possible. The systems with significantly lower values very likely still have optimiz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
potential. For example, the system in Freiburg uses solar energy only if it reaches the<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure required to drive the he<strong>at</strong> pump <strong>and</strong> not for prehe<strong>at</strong>ing.<br />
Annual collector yield, kWh/(m 2 a)<br />
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Qcoll - Task 38 Monitoring Systems Subtask A<br />
Annual<br />
Perpignan 2009 Graz 09/10 Chambéry 09/10<br />
Butzbach 2009 Garching 2009 Freiburg 09/10<br />
Figure 9: Annual collector yield of the 6 systems with a complete year of monitoring d<strong>at</strong>a<br />
3.7 W<strong>at</strong>er Consumption <strong>Cooling</strong> Towers<br />
For 5 systems the w<strong>at</strong>er consumption of the wet or hybrid cooling towers was measured. A<br />
sixth system (Freiburg) had no w<strong>at</strong>er consumption <strong>at</strong> all because boreholes were used for<br />
rejecting he<strong>at</strong>.<br />
page 56