IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A-D3b, Date: December 2010 3 Results In this chapter, the monitoring results of 11 of the 13 systems described above will be presented and compared with eachother. For two systems, no results can be presented because there were too many operational and/or monitoring problems during the monitoring period. For 6 of the 11 systems, at least one year of data is available. For all the other systems, between two and six months of data have been recorded and will be presented here. The 11 presented systems can be subdivided into different groups of systems: Group 1: Systems that were only used for cooling (Zaragoza and Maclas, 4 months of data) Group 2: Systems where winter backup was not monitored, the measured space heating consumption is therefore only the part that was produced by the solar thermal system (Perpignan).The system in Perpignan uses a compression chiller as cold backup. Group 3: Systems that use the hot backup system only for winter operation. In summer, the system is operated either as solar autonomous system or with a cold backup system (Sattledt, Chaméry, Butzbach, Garching, Graz). Group 4: Systems that use the hot backup system for both summer and winter operation. 3.1 Thermal COP of the Chiller In all eleven monitored systems, the thermal coefficient of performance (COP) of the thermally driven chiller was determined by measuring the produced cold and the driving heat. Only two systems include an adsorption chiller (Perpignan and Freiburg). In all other systems, absorption chillers are used. Thermal COP, - 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Zaragoza 2008 Maclas 2009 Perpignan 2009 Graz 09/10 Sattledt 2007 Chambéry 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Garching 2009 Gröbming 09/10 Gleisdorf 2010 Freiburg 09/10 Figure 1: Measured thermal COP of 11 small-scale solar cooling systems. The results show that almost all chillers have thermal COPs in a range between 0.5 and 0.7, i.e. close to the manufacturers’ specifications but of course depending on the operating conditions in the specific system. Only two systems show significantly lower values. One is the adsorption chiller in Perpignan that has to operate under unfavorable heat rejection conditions (high ambient temperatures and most dry heat rejection). The other one is the system in Sattledt where the driving temperature was relatively low (55-75°C). 3.2 Electrical COP of the Chiller The next step is to look at the electricity consumption of the chiller itself, i.e. the solution pump or any internal valves. This value was measured separately only for 4 of the analyzed systems. The electrical COP of the chiller is defined as the produced cold divided by the electricity consumption of the chiller by itself. page 48
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A-D3b, Date: December 2010 Electrical COP chiller only, - 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Zaragoza 2008 Garching 2010 Gleisdorf 2010 Freiburg 09/10 Figure 2: Electrical COP of the chiller only for 4 small-scale solar cooling systems. The results in Figure 2 show that the electricity consumption of the adsorption chiller in Freiburg has very little electricity consumption. The reason is that there is no solution pump necessary. The electricity consumption of the chiller alone is almost independent of the cold production: it only depends on the switch-on time and this time is almost the same for all months. In July 2010 on the other hand a high amount of cold was produced, increasing significantly the electric COP of the chiller alone. The absorption chillers are all in the same order of magnitude. The best one is the one in Garching. The results shown here are values of 2010 because the electricity consumption of the chiller was not measured separately in 2009. In addition, only the electricity consumption of the solution pump was included and not the pump for the generator circuit which is also included in the chiller. The system in Zaragoza uses a Rotartica absorption chiller which consumes more electricity than other absorption chillers due to its rotating technology. 3.3 Electrical COP Cold Production The electrical COP of the cold production includes in addition to the electricity consumption of the chiller itself, the electricity consumption of the heat rejection system (pump and fan) and the pump in the generator loop. If there is a cold storage tank, it includes also the electricity consumption of the pump between chiller and cold storage tank. The results for the seven systems where this value was measured are shown in Figure 3. Obviously, the values are significantly lower than for the electrical COP of the chiller by itself. The best system in this monitoring campaign reaches a value of 8. A number of systems lie in a range of 5 to 6 which are acceptable values but still leave room for improvements. Electrical COP Cold Production, - 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Zaragoza 2008 Graz 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Garching 2010 Gröbming 09/10 Gleisdorf 2010 Freiburg 09/10 Figure 3: Electrical COP of the cold production page 49
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<strong>IEA</strong> SHC Task 38 <strong>Solar</strong> Air Conditioning <strong>and</strong> Refriger<strong>at</strong>ion Subtask A Report A-D3b, D<strong>at</strong>e: December 2010<br />
Electrical COP chiller only, -<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Jun Jul Aug Sep<br />
Zaragoza 2008 Garching 2010 Gleisdorf 2010 Freiburg 09/10<br />
Figure 2: Electrical COP of the chiller only for 4 small-scale solar cooling systems.<br />
The results in Figure 2 show th<strong>at</strong> the electricity consumption of the adsorption chiller in<br />
Freiburg has very little electricity consumption. The reason is th<strong>at</strong> there is no solution pump<br />
necessary. The electricity consumption of the chiller alone is almost independent of the cold<br />
production: it only depends on the switch-on time <strong>and</strong> this time is almost the same for all<br />
months. In July 2010 on the other h<strong>and</strong> a high amount of cold was produced, increasing<br />
significantly the electric COP of the chiller alone. The absorption chillers are all in the same<br />
order of magnitude. The best one is the one in Garching. The results shown here are values<br />
of 2010 because the electricity consumption of the chiller was not measured separ<strong>at</strong>ely in<br />
2009. In addition, only the electricity consumption of the solution pump was included <strong>and</strong> not<br />
the pump for the gener<strong>at</strong>or circuit which is also included in the chiller. The system in<br />
Zaragoza uses a Rotartica absorption chiller which consumes more electricity than other<br />
absorption chillers due to its rot<strong>at</strong>ing technology.<br />
3.3 Electrical COP Cold Production<br />
The electrical COP of the cold production includes in addition to the electricity consumption<br />
of the chiller itself, the electricity consumption of the he<strong>at</strong> rejection system (pump <strong>and</strong> fan)<br />
<strong>and</strong> the pump in the gener<strong>at</strong>or loop. If there is a cold storage tank, it includes also the<br />
electricity consumption of the pump between chiller <strong>and</strong> cold storage tank. The results for the<br />
seven systems where this value was measured are shown in Figure 3. Obviously, the values<br />
are significantly lower than for the electrical COP of the chiller by itself. The best system in<br />
this monitoring campaign reaches a value of 8. A number of systems lie in a range of 5 to 6<br />
which are acceptable values but still leave room for improvements.<br />
Electrical COP Cold Production, -<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Jun Jul Aug Sep<br />
Zaragoza 2008 Graz 09/10 Butzbach 2009 Garching 2010 Gröbming 09/10 Gleisdorf 2010 Freiburg 09/10<br />
Figure 3: Electrical COP of the cold production<br />
page 49
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