the problematics of motherhood in twentieth century women's fiction

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182 regarded by others as an instrument of manipulation of women's reproductive powers While feminists have been un~ted ln support of methods that enable women to control thelr fertlllty, there is still disagreement, as the above study shows, among them about new reproductlve techn~ques designed to treat lnfertlllty and induce pregnancy Desplte the vary-ng and conflicting stances adopted by feminlsts, the common vlew that emerges is that lf ever technology 1s applled for reproductlve purposes, lt should be nonexplaltatlve It is not the replacement of functions of women's bodles by technologlca: alternatives that should galn top prlorlty, but the development of non-exploxtatlve ways to treat ~nfertllity Safe and restorative technology that can enable wonen experience pregnancy and chlld birth 1s what femlnlsts can support In a unlfled way
THE USTEETICS OF MOTHERHOOD . Women's relation to the symhollc is somewhat different from men's women's narrative will enact a somewhat different process - Joan Lldoff 5.1.0. Gender plays an important role In determining subject or style Fiction written from a self-consclaus femlnlst perspective encodes an Ideology whlch 1s In dlrect opposltlon to the domlnant patriarchal gender ldeology Opposlng sexlst dlscourse whlch deflnes, describes and dellmlts how men and women must act In order to be considered masculine and femlnine, the femrnlst dlscourse of the texts under study challenges the naturallsatlon of the exlstlng aascullnlst discourse Bemlnlst dlscourse influences not or-ly the thematlc but also the styllstlc aspects of a llterary plece In addltlon to the ideological complexltles, feminlst writers perfon aesthetic manoeuvres, utlllzlng thelr marglnallsed or Inferlor posltlon as a vantage polnt ln order to stow how patriarchy legitlmlses lts institutions Whether toid In the reallst or fantastic mode, the fernmist texts reveal how women are distanced from power structures of dominant culture -- physlologlcally through thelr role as chlld-bearers, soclologlcally through thelr role as chlld-rearers, and psychically through symbols
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THE PROBLEMATICS OF MOTHERHOOD IN T
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POONAM MINOCHA Research Scholar Dep
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The hand that rocks the cradle does
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university. New Delhi; Pondicherry
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CEAPTER - 11 INTRODUCTIONS PROBLEMA
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manipulation of her self whereas Mr
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This chapter explores the major que
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and career, single parenting, ambiv
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INTRODUCTION : PROBLEllATICS OP XOT
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3 institution of motherhood In her
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5 aspect of the female body and 'ge
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1.2.1. The dissertation takes for ~
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9 goddess with the human mother, im
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11 example, portrays Sophie, the 'i
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harm children 13 It argues instead
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15 fourteenth-century mother and he
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17 Gold, The Ice Age and The Middle
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19 1.6.2 The two American novelists
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21 finds herself at crossroads - sh
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enmeshed in the femlnine motherhood
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25 unrecognizable as individuals" (
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from the blologlcal to the psycho-s
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narrative point of view, structure,
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3 1 By emphasizing the primacy of m
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TO bear a child, preferably a son,
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35 the moral, transf0m:ng the biolo
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37 2.2.1. Before the summer of her
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2.2.1.3. Kate trles to Inculcate in
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sexually knowledgeable woman of the
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other hand, completely convinced by
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2.2.2.4. Ira retalns some of her mo
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47 2.2.2.7. Apart from Rukmani and
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malevolence of the instltutlon itse
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for her it involves both a give and
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5 3 daughter Beloved the second tim
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'feminist' daughter. 5 5 What one s
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57 nurturing relationship Walker he
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59 far preferable to rejection or i
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lnwlcation of the ability to relate
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63 mother After a long bout of fami
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Her frail independence gave way to
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male. Rich interprets Yahweh's comm
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2.5.3. Nectar in a Sieve reiterates
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. 71 internalization of a 'code of
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73 Gilman's concept, therefore, is
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to the Church in the same way as he
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77 2.7.1. Rukmani of Nectar in a Si
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79 The mother therefore serves as b
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81 comprehends that Michael's wife
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BEKINIST MOTBEICBOOD To be a good m
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85 3.2.0. In the novels under study
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3.3.1. In Alice Walker's Meridian,
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As will be seen subsequently, symbo
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91 that the daughter often recelves
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dentity. What Elaine Showalter says
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(1987.110) Although no resolution i
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97 :elect it. Her obsessive remembr
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core: "Daughter? I don't have any d
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OD she forms with her daughters. Be
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experience and motherhood as an ins
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105 of the double message she recei
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107 Jaya of That Long Silence and I
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109 saru marries Manu mainly to bre
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him on this account. Not withstandi
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113 chat that Went on in the queue,
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115 adaptability, but realizes that
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and behavlng well and you should an
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119 embodiment. Kate's dilemma is s
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121 them to be childrearers once th
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Work means getting away from home,
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125 would probably have become some
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127 motherhood and career only when
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129 she does not grant =he 'father'
Page 147 and 148: 131 social construct, Gilman was wl
Page 149 and 150: out a change ln attitude towards mo
Page 151 and 152: 135 the House' and loosening the te
Page 153 and 154: 13 7 of one's Own' is essentlal to
Page 155 and 156: 139 example that comes to mind imme
Page 157 and 158: 141 experlences a fragmentation of
Page 159 and 160: TECHNOLOGIC& MOTEERBOOD It was part
Page 161 and 162: 145 4.1.1. This brlngs us to the qu
Page 163 and 164: 147 womb, sometimes after it has be
Page 165 and 166: 149 bodies of brain-dead pregnant w
Page 167 and 168: 151 4.2.4.1. Surrogate motherhood h
Page 169 and 170: 153 vitro gestation (IVG) which inv
Page 171 and 172: 155 pregnancy necessary? Do foetuse
Page 173 and 174: 157 prosperity of then children dep
Page 175 and 176: 159 strengthen male control over fe
Page 177 and 178: 161 chlld, while advocates of techn
Page 179 and 180: clash with a woman's llved experlen
Page 181 and 182: 165 children and more a displacemen
Page 183 and 184: 167 w~th Adrienne Rich's stance tha
Page 185 and 186: 169 allowing women to place themsel
Page 187 and 188: 171 4.5.2 Mothering, In Mattapoiset
Page 189 and 190: 173 with a new consclousness" (Lane
Page 191 and 192: 175 subverts the existing stereotyp
Page 193 and 194: 177 when they learn from the men th
Page 195 and 196: 179 4.9.0. As Piercy's Wcrman on th
Page 197: 181 patrlarchal culture, we see her
Page 201 and 202: 185 sees lt, the mother's voice is
Page 203 and 204: esurrected female slave narrator's
Page 205 and 206: 189 daughter and her wrlting and wh
Page 207 and 208: 191 through the flrst person narrat
Page 209 and 210: 193 on Kate, uslng the omniscient n
Page 211 and 212: 195 story, It is also the story of
Page 213 and 214: 197 narrative of her visit to a uto
Page 215 and 216: dominated soclety. 199 In Atwood an
Page 217 and 218: 201 buffalo" (NS 14) brlngs to ligh
Page 219 and 220: 203 going to do, just lay there and
Page 221 and 222: 205 Further, the chlldren brought u
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Page 225 and 226: more my style" (SBD . 228) says Mau
Page 227 and 228: 211 trees, fountains and flowers Th
Page 229 and 230: Quite ironically, the Commander's w
Page 231 and 232: 215 5.5.3.8. The river 1s a dominan
Page 233 and 234: 217 5.5.3.11. Morag of The Diviners
Page 235 and 236: separation is as easy as cutting of
Page 237 and 238: 221 mixed feelings about her child.
Page 239 and 240: 223 (WET:95) and "canned childLren1
Page 241 and 242: 225 Piercy's Woman on the Edge of T
Page 243 and 244: 227 5.5.9.6. "Maternity clothes", "
Page 245 and 246: 229 warmth and shelter and at the s
Page 247 and 248: 231 prompts Terry to remark that th
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deepest religious emotion, every fe
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235 In Search of Our Mothers' Garde
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237 Demeter, searching for her daug
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239 - the ways in which feminine mo
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241 6.2.0. A quick recapitulation o
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243 freedom: those with an aptitude
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considered natural, conversely ther
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247 not relieve the mother of her r
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249 androcentric society which repe
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251 The Summer Before the Dark and
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253 should orientate themselves to
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255 The Sunmar Before the Dark and
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257 semen, socially, ethically and
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259 feminine motherhood allow them
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261 for exploration, and Gloria Nay
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SELECT BIBLIOaRAPHY PRIMARY SOWRCES
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Budhos, Shirley 1987: The Theme of
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Gould, Joan 1988: Spirale : A Woman
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Mala, R. 1989: The Predicment of th
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Rumsey, Jean P. 1990: "Constructing
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Veevers, J.E. 1991: Continuity and
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