City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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FIBERS OF GLASS 33 breaking the fibers—as had worried the little girl in the glass dress 30 years earlier. 19 The fiberglass industry has been growing ever since. Nobody paid much attention to the optical properties of glass fibers, other than when they glittered in fabrics on display. However, engineers did learn about the mechanics of glass fibers and the properties of molten glass. In time, that would prove valuable knowledge for developers of optical fibers.
4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Television and the Legacy of Sword Swallowers (1895–1940) No great pioneer invention has been made in the laboratory of a great corporation; and by pioneer inventions I mean new mechanisms which started new industries. —C. Francis Jenkins, American pioneer in motion pictures and television, 1927 1 E urope and America were fertile ground for new ideas at the end of the nineteenth century. The great Victorian exhibitions illustrated the wonders of the age. Their illuminated fountains displayed light guiding for all to see; in the halls, visitors saw glass fibers and fabrics. Scientists marveled at the fine quartz fibers Charles Vernon Boys made for his instruments. Innovations in lighting tickled the imaginations of inventors. They sought ways to make moving pictures, and to view events remotely, by sending pictures as well as the sounds they could hear on the telephone. A few realized that arrays of many glass rods or fibers could carry the patterns of light we call images. With hindsight, the idea of image transmission seems simple. Hold a handful of drinking straws together such that they all point in the same direction and look through the bundle at a picture a little beyond the tips. Each straw shows one piece of the picture. In your mind’s eye, shrink the straws so that each one shows a single spot on the page. Then replace them with thin glass rods, stacked together the same way, but guiding light by total internal reflection instead of through central holes. The bundle transmits an image point by point. Replace the rods with flexible fibers, and the bundle can guide light around bends, reaching into otherwise inaccessible places. 34
Page 1 and 2: City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
Page 3 and 4: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
Page 5 and 6: 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
Page 7 and 8: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
Page 9 and 10: viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
Page 11 and 12: x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
Page 13 and 14: xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for
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Page 17 and 18: 4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
Page 19 and 20: 6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
Page 21 and 22: 8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
Page 23 and 24: 10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
Page 25 and 26: 2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
Page 27 and 28: 14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
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Page 31 and 32: 18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
Page 37 and 38: 24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
Page 39 and 40: 26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
Page 41 and 42: 3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
Page 43 and 44: 30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
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Page 49 and 50: 36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
Page 51 and 52: 38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
Page 53 and 54: 40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
Page 55 and 56: 42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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Page 59 and 60: 5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
Page 61 and 62: 48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
Page 63 and 64: 50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
Page 65 and 66: 52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
Page 67 and 68: 54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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Page 73 and 74: A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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Page 79 and 80: 66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
Page 81 and 82: 68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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Page 87 and 88: 74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
Page 89 and 90: A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
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124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
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126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
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128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
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130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
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132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
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134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
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136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
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138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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140 CITY OF LIGHT worry about compe
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142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
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144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
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146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
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148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
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150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
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152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
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154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
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156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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158 CITY OF LIGHT Downs and Ups at
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13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
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162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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164 CITY OF LIGHT A pair of wires c
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166 CITY OF LIGHT proposed, Bell co
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168 CITY OF LIGHT link switching ce
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170 CITY OF LIGHT meetings—until
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172 CITY OF LIGHT variation, althou
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174 CITY OF LIGHT bels. 93 All syst
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14 Three Generations in Five Years
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178 CITY OF LIGHT modest increase i
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180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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182 CITY OF LIGHT British Field Tri
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184 CITY OF LIGHT On March 27 Horig
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186 CITY OF LIGHT millions of bits
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188 CITY OF LIGHT Opening the 1.3-m
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190 CITY OF LIGHT pack of beer. The
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192 CITY OF LIGHT The Chinese also
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194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
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196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
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198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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200 CITY OF LIGHT munications was a
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202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
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204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
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206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
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208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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210 CITY OF LIGHT bles, and the Fre
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212 CITY OF LIGHT reaching the wate
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214 CITY OF LIGHT microwave counter
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16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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218 CITY OF LIGHT rebuilding to pro
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220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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222 CITY OF LIGHT puter that showed
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224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
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282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
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284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
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286 NOTES TO PAGES 44-50 of Munich
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288 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59 47. Lee Du
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290 NOTES TO PAGES 65-70 18. Court
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292 NOTES TO PAGES 74-80 way taken
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294 NOTES TO PAGES 88-91 35. Antoni
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296 NOTES TO PAGES 95-99 on Lasers
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298 NOTES TO PAGES 103-110 Chapter
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302 NOTES TO PAGES 129-140 59. See
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304 NOTES TO PAGES 147-151 of atten
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306 NOTES TO PAGES 155-159 1970); p
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308 NOTES TO PAGES 163-166 broadcas
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310 NOTES TO PAGES 168-171 51. Reev
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312 NOTES TO PAGES 174-178 95. A. G
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314 NOTES TO PAGES 183-186 37. Keck
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316 NOTES TO PAGES 192-197 76. Inte
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318 NOTES TO PAGES 202-208 3. Arthu
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320 NOTES TO PAGES 213-220 54. Davi
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322 NOTES TO PAGES 223-229 Sandbank
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324 NOTES TO PAGES 236-242 29. Tom
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326 NOTES TO PAGES 246-253 31. Kazu
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330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 1
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332 INDEX Endoscopes 41-44, 51, 57-
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334 INDEX Index of refraction 24-26
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336 INDEX Møller Hansen, Holger 50
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338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (R
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340 INDEX ULE glass 133-134 Ulexite
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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