City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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City of Light The Story of Fiber Optics JEFF HECHT 1
3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright � 1999 by Jeff Hecht Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 2004 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hecht, Jeff. City of light : the story of fiber optics / by Jeff Hecht. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-510818-3; 0-19-516255-2 (pbk.) 1. Fiber optics. I. Title. TA1800.H42 1999 621.36'92—dc21 98-6135 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
Page 1 and 2: City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
Page 3: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
Page 7 and 8: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
Page 9 and 10: viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
Page 11 and 12: x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
Page 13 and 14: xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for
Page 15 and 16: This page intentionally left blank
Page 17 and 18: 4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
Page 19 and 20: 6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
Page 21 and 22: 8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
Page 23 and 24: 10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
Page 25 and 26: 2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
Page 27 and 28: 14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
Page 29 and 30: 16 CITY OF LIGHT Special Effects fo
Page 31 and 32: 18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
Page 37 and 38: 24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
Page 39 and 40: 26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
Page 41 and 42: 3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
Page 43 and 44: 30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
Page 45 and 46: 32 CITY OF LIGHT made: ‘‘All th
Page 47 and 48: 4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Tele
Page 49 and 50: 36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
Page 51 and 52: 38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
Page 53 and 54: 40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
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42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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44 CITY OF LIGHT He hurried to the
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5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
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48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
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50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
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52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
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54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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56 CITY OF LIGHT little known outsi
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58 CITY OF LIGHT Hopkins knew he ne
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A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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62 CITY OF LIGHT school building eq
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64 CITY OF LIGHT dle, the longest y
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66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
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68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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70 CITY OF LIGHT ble—among other
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72 CITY OF LIGHT bundles into facep
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74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
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A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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78 CITY OF LIGHT phone, and asking
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80 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-1: Modula
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82 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-2: Alexan
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
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124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
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126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
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128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
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130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
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132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
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134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
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136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
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138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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140 CITY OF LIGHT worry about compe
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142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
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144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
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146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
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148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
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150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
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152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
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154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
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156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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158 CITY OF LIGHT Downs and Ups at
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13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
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162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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164 CITY OF LIGHT A pair of wires c
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166 CITY OF LIGHT proposed, Bell co
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168 CITY OF LIGHT link switching ce
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170 CITY OF LIGHT meetings—until
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172 CITY OF LIGHT variation, althou
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174 CITY OF LIGHT bels. 93 All syst
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14 Three Generations in Five Years
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178 CITY OF LIGHT modest increase i
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180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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182 CITY OF LIGHT British Field Tri
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184 CITY OF LIGHT On March 27 Horig
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186 CITY OF LIGHT millions of bits
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188 CITY OF LIGHT Opening the 1.3-m
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190 CITY OF LIGHT pack of beer. The
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192 CITY OF LIGHT The Chinese also
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194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
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196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
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198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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200 CITY OF LIGHT munications was a
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202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
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204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
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206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
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208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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210 CITY OF LIGHT bles, and the Fre
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212 CITY OF LIGHT reaching the wate
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214 CITY OF LIGHT microwave counter
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16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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218 CITY OF LIGHT rebuilding to pro
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220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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222 CITY OF LIGHT puter that showed
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224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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Page 293 and 294:
280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
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282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
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284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
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286 NOTES TO PAGES 44-50 of Munich
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288 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59 47. Lee Du
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290 NOTES TO PAGES 65-70 18. Court
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292 NOTES TO PAGES 74-80 way taken
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294 NOTES TO PAGES 88-91 35. Antoni
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296 NOTES TO PAGES 95-99 on Lasers
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298 NOTES TO PAGES 103-110 Chapter
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300 NOTES TO PAGES 119-123 that pro
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302 NOTES TO PAGES 129-140 59. See
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304 NOTES TO PAGES 147-151 of atten
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306 NOTES TO PAGES 155-159 1970); p
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308 NOTES TO PAGES 163-166 broadcas
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310 NOTES TO PAGES 168-171 51. Reev
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312 NOTES TO PAGES 174-178 95. A. G
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314 NOTES TO PAGES 183-186 37. Keck
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316 NOTES TO PAGES 192-197 76. Inte
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318 NOTES TO PAGES 202-208 3. Arthu
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320 NOTES TO PAGES 213-220 54. Davi
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322 NOTES TO PAGES 223-229 Sandbank
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324 NOTES TO PAGES 236-242 29. Tom
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326 NOTES TO PAGES 246-253 31. Kazu
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Page 343 and 344:
330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 1
Page 345 and 346:
332 INDEX Endoscopes 41-44, 51, 57-
Page 347 and 348:
334 INDEX Index of refraction 24-26
Page 349 and 350:
336 INDEX Møller Hansen, Holger 50
Page 351 and 352:
338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (R
Page 353:
340 INDEX ULE glass 133-134 Ulexite
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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