Payne, Dave 183, 214, 240–243 Pearson, Dave 124, 126–127, 144, 171 Periscopes 40, 47 Perspex 45 Peters, C. Wilbur ‘‘Pete’’ 61–64, 66–67 Philip, Prince 162 Philips NV 50, 61, 191, 199 Philips, Ge<strong>of</strong>frey 177 Phosphorous, in fiber 209 Photophone 81–82 Physical Review Letters 93 Physical Society (London) 31, 128 Picture telephone (French) 222–223 Picture transmission 34–45 Picturephone 99, 129, 161, 164–165, 217, 230 Pierce, John R. 87, 160, 171 ‘‘Pipe dream’’ 141 Pipes, light 18, 21–22, 40, 88–89, 100 Pirelli 137, 172, 182, 247 Plastic cladding 66, 178 Plastic fibers 51, 52, 268n58 Plastic illuminating rods 23, 45, 53 Plateau, Joseph 280n8 Polaroid 41, 200 Polishing flame 66, 136 mechanical 66, 68, 136 Pollard, Marvin 61, 67 Portable communication systems 120 POTS (Plain old telephone service) 7–8 Potter, Bob 74 Predictions 220–221, 226, 230–231 Preforms 63–67, 134, 136–139, 170, 171 Prestel 118–119 Prince Philip 162 Printer, ink-jet 41 Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Institution <strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers 114 Programming center, Hi-OVIS 220 Project Oxygen 236, 248 Public relations 114, 156, 181, 306n42 Publications Kapany 69–70 van Heel 53, 55–56 Pulse code modulation 84–85, 87, 161, 163, 307n16 Pulse dispersion 105, 122, 167–168, 183– 186, 205, 232 Pulsed lasers 150–151 Punched card readers 74, 102 Purity, glass 5, 113, 125–127, 131–133 Pyrex 132 Quality, satellite circuit 204 Quartz 31, 113 INDEX 337 Quaternary semiconductors 184–186, 189, 191–192 QUBE 219 Queen Elizabeth II 161–162 Quist, Tom 149 Radar 83, 85 Radio Corporation <strong>of</strong> America. See RCA Radio communication 39, 77–84 facsimile 40–41 movies 38 telephones 82–83, 203 waves 80 Rainbow 280 n13 Raman amplification 233 Ramsay, Murray 87–89, 141, 144, 161–162 Randall, Eric 178, 190, 301n48 Rawson, Harold 113 RCA 37, 39–41, 44 Laboratories (Princeton) 89, 152 Rocky Point Laboratory 39–41, 44 Receivers, television 38 Records transmission distance 232–233 transmission speed 234–235 Rediker, Robert 149 Reeves, Alec 76–77, 84–85, 87–89, 104, 123, 128, 163, 201, 205, 227 Reeves Telecommunication Laboratories 163 Reflection, surface 112 Reflection, total internal 13–15, 23–27, 47– 48 Reflective light pipes 18, 21–22, 88–89, 100, 104 Reflectors 18, 21–22 Refraction 24–26 Refractive index 24–26 Relays, microwave 83, 85, 195 Reliability laser 156–159, 185–186, 212 submarine cable 202 telephone 238 Remote viewing 35 Repairs, submarine cable 202 Repairs, telephone 237–238 Repeaters 83–84, 128, 173, 186, 195–196, 203–207, 212, 243–244 Research budgets 122, 128–129 Resolution, imaging 35 Retina 49 Reuters 51 Revenue, from fiber to the home 224 Rigid fiber bundles 68–69 Roberts, F. F. 119–123, 126, 163, 177–178, 182 Robotic vehicles 237 Rochester, University <strong>of</strong> 46, 53–54, 69, 74
338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (RCA) 39–41, 44 Rod, high-index 62, 66 Rod-in-tube fibers 63–64, 66–69, 134 Rodenstock Optical Works 42 Rods, glass 21–23, 28, 36, 40 Rods, illuminating 21–23 Rods, transparent 88 Room-temperature lasers 147–159 Royal College <strong>of</strong> Science 29–30 Royal Institution 23, 27 Royal Jubilee Exhibition (1887) 17 Royal Signals Research and Development Establishment 120 Royal Society 58 Ruby laser 93–95 Runge, Peter 206–207, 212, 214–215, 231, 237 Rural telephone companies 193 Rutgers University 120, 135 Ryan, John 253 Saint Gobain 108, 115 Saint-René, Henry C. 36 Sandbank, Charles 119, 123, 128–129, 177, 214 Saskatchewan Telecommunications 194, 198 Satellite communications 87, 204, 212–213, 230 low-orbit 318n11 Saturday Evening Post 53 Savart, Felix 27 Scanning, image 37–38, 40 Scattering 112–113, 140, 183 Schawlow, Arthur L. 93 Schawlow, Aurelia Townes 295n5 Schindler, Rudolf 41–42, 67, 285n38 Schott-CML 236 Schultz, Peter 135–140, 144–146, 169, 231 Schwabe, Louis 283n7 Schwartz, Mort 310n70 Science 130 Scientific American 12, 19, 70, 91, 100, 114, 173 Scramblers, image 40–41, 47, 54, 64–65, 68– 69 SDL Inc. 251 SE-ME-WE 3 cable 317n2 Second window 183–184 Second-generation systems 193–194 Selenium 35, 81 Selfridge Department Store (London) 37 Semiconductor lasers 147–159, 167 Semiconductors 147–149 Sensors, fiber optic 237, 240 Services, fiber to the home 217–226 Sharks 211–212 Shaver, William 119, 133 Sheffield Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology 113 Shifts graded-index to single-mode 187–189, 194– 195, 197–198, 230 single-mode to graded-index 167–168 Short-wave radio 39, 83 Shumate, Paul 224, 225, 237 Siecor 229 Siegmund, Walt 65, 72–73, 90 Siemens 137, 172, 182 Sigel, George 170 Signetics 169 Silica, fused 124–125, 131–146 Silk 30 Silver-coated fibers 47 Simon, Jean-Claude 106, 108, 115 Simplex Wire and Cable 208, 214 Single-heterojunction lasers 153 Single-mode fiber 90–91, 135–136, 166– 168, 176–178, 186–189, 194–198, 205– 208, 228–230 Single-mode waveguide 104–108 Smithsonian Institution 81 Snitzer, Elias 90–91, 120, 133, 200, 213– 214, 242 Society <strong>of</strong> Motion Picture Engineers 38 Solitons 232–233, 244 South Kensington exhibition 16–17 Southampton, University <strong>of</strong> 120, 163, 171, 183, 214, 240 Space Shuttle 291n59 Special effects 16 Speed <strong>of</strong> light 24–26 Speed records, fiber-optic 234–235 Spider line 30 Spitz, Eric 106, 108, 115 Splicing fibers 172 Splitters, image 73 Sprint 228 Spun glass 29 Standard Telecommunication Laboratories. See STL Standard Telephones and Cables 109, 177, 206, 209–210 Standards, telecommunications 177 Stark, Jason 238 Ste. Eustache, Manitoba 221 Steventon, Alan 158, 189 Stewart, Walter 55 STL 84–85, 87–89, 103–115, 123–125, 128– 129, 144, 161–162, 182, 198, 206, 208, 231 Stock market 190–191, 249–253 Strong, Guy 133 Stroud, Jack 133 Strowger, Almon 78 Subdivisions 224–225 Submarcom 210, 213
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
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3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
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viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
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x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
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xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for
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4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
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6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
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8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
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10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
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2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
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14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
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16 CITY OF LIGHT Special Effects fo
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18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
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Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
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Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
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24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
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26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
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3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
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30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
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32 CITY OF LIGHT made: ‘‘All th
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4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Tele
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36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
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38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
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40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
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42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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44 CITY OF LIGHT He hurried to the
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5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
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48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
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50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
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52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
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54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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56 CITY OF LIGHT little known outsi
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58 CITY OF LIGHT Hopkins knew he ne
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A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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62 CITY OF LIGHT school building eq
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64 CITY OF LIGHT dle, the longest y
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66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
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68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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70 CITY OF LIGHT ble—among other
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72 CITY OF LIGHT bundles into facep
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74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
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A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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78 CITY OF LIGHT phone, and asking
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80 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-1: Modula
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82 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-2: Alexan
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
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124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
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126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
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128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
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130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
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132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
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134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
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136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
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138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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140 CITY OF LIGHT worry about compe
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142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
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144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
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146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
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148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
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150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
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152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
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154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
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156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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158 CITY OF LIGHT Downs and Ups at
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13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
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162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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164 CITY OF LIGHT A pair of wires c
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166 CITY OF LIGHT proposed, Bell co
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168 CITY OF LIGHT link switching ce
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170 CITY OF LIGHT meetings—until
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172 CITY OF LIGHT variation, althou
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174 CITY OF LIGHT bels. 93 All syst
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14 Three Generations in Five Years
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178 CITY OF LIGHT modest increase i
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180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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182 CITY OF LIGHT British Field Tri
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184 CITY OF LIGHT On March 27 Horig
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186 CITY OF LIGHT millions of bits
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188 CITY OF LIGHT Opening the 1.3-m
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190 CITY OF LIGHT pack of beer. The
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192 CITY OF LIGHT The Chinese also
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194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
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196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
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198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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200 CITY OF LIGHT munications was a
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202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
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204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
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206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
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208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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210 CITY OF LIGHT bles, and the Fre
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212 CITY OF LIGHT reaching the wate
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214 CITY OF LIGHT microwave counter
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16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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218 CITY OF LIGHT rebuilding to pro
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220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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222 CITY OF LIGHT puter that showed
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224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
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282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
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284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
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- Page 343 and 344: 330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 1
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