City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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Lifetime, laser 148, 156–159, 173, 185–186,<br />
196<br />
<strong>Light</strong>-emitting diode. See LED<br />
<strong>Light</strong><br />
coherent 92, 93<br />
guiding 13–20, 36<br />
leakage 46<br />
pipes 18, 21–22, 88–89, 100, 104<br />
speed <strong>of</strong> 24<br />
<strong>Light</strong>ing, electric 13, 16–18<br />
<strong>Light</strong>ning strikes 177<br />
Lincoln Laboratory (MIT) 149–150<br />
Lincoln Laboratory. See MIT Lincoln<br />
Laboratory<br />
Liquid-core fibers 166<br />
Liquid-phase epitaxy 152–153<br />
Litigation, patent 73, 198–199, 289n14<br />
Loch Fyne 206–208<br />
Loewenstein, Klaus 301n43<br />
Lomax, Ron 294 n34<br />
London exhibitions 16–17<br />
Long Beach field trial 181<br />
Long waves (radio) 82<br />
Long-distance calling 78<br />
Long-distance networks 186, 197–198, 228–<br />
230<br />
Long-wavelength systems 182–189, 191–<br />
195<br />
Los Angeles Times 51<br />
Loss. See attenuation<br />
Losses, hydrogen 208–209<br />
Low-loss fiber, first 138–141, 145–146, 303<br />
n41<br />
Lowell Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology 90<br />
Lucent Technologies 232, 235, 236, 247–<br />
248, 254<br />
Lucite 45<br />
Lucy, Chuck 133, 137, 142–143, 166, 168,<br />
172, 189<br />
Luminescence, semiconductor 152–153<br />
Lunar landing 129<br />
Lytollis, John 294 n34<br />
M/A Com 191, 199<br />
MacChesney, John 171, 183, 198<br />
Machines, fiber winding 58–59<br />
MacNeille, Steve 65, 72, 90<br />
Magnifiers, fiber 73<br />
Maiman, <strong>The</strong>odore 93–94<br />
Manchester exhibition (1887) 17<br />
Manhattan Project 64<br />
Manitoba Telephone 221–222, 224<br />
Marcatili, Henry 140, 168, 170<br />
Marconi Company 44<br />
Margarine 51<br />
Marsh, Jock 123, 161<br />
Martlesham Heath. See British Telecom<br />
Research Labs<br />
INDEX 335<br />
Masers 93<br />
Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology 10<br />
Material dispersion 168, 183–186<br />
Materials science 112<br />
Maurer, Robert 113, 119, 131–135, 137,<br />
139–144, 169–170<br />
McGowan, Bill 197–198<br />
MCI 165, 197–198, 228, 229, 236<br />
Measurements<br />
fiber loss 138–139, 142–144, 166, 169,<br />
183–184<br />
glass transparency 123–124<br />
Mechanical polishing 66, 68, 136<br />
Mechanical television 37–39<br />
Medical illumination 21–23<br />
Medical imaging. See endoscopes and<br />
gastroscopes<br />
Mental telepathy 87<br />
Metal coated fibers 47, 51<br />
Metal tubes 100<br />
Meter reading, automated 217<br />
Metromedia <strong>Fiber</strong> Networks 249<br />
Michigan, University <strong>of</strong> 61–64<br />
Microbending 145, 206<br />
Microscope slides 21<br />
Microwaves 49, 80, 83, 86–87, 93<br />
relay towers 83, 85, 195<br />
tubes 96<br />
waveguides 89, 104, 106, 111<br />
Midwinter, John 182, 194, 208, 227–<br />
228<br />
Military projects 72, 120<br />
communications 120<br />
imaging 71–72<br />
semiconductor lasers 151–152<br />
Millefiori 68, 71<br />
Miller, Stewart 86, 96–101, 120–121, 129–<br />
130, 141, 165–168, 170, 172, 228,<br />
230<br />
Millimeter waveguides 85–87, 96–97, 99–<br />
101, 140–142, 161, 230<br />
abandoned by STL 103<br />
field trials <strong>of</strong> 173–175<br />
problems with 162, 164–165<br />
Million-hour lasers 158–159, 231<br />
Ministry for International Trade and Industry<br />
(Japan) 219, 221<br />
Minow, Newton 217<br />
Mirages 98<br />
MIT Lincoln Laboratory 71, 149–150, 184–<br />
185, 231<br />
Modal noise 187<br />
Modes 104–108<br />
fiber 90–91, 167–168. See also single-mode<br />
fibers, multimode fibers<br />
Modulation 79–80<br />
Modulation, pulse code 84–85<br />
Mollenauer, Linn 232–233, 244
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