City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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1984 Inc. 189, 200 ABC Television 192 Absorption, light 44, 112–113, 134, 183 Africa One 237 Air Force 95, 184 Air, compressed 13 Alcatel 252 Alferov, Zhores 151–156, 159, 231, 239 Alignment, core 167–168 All-optical network 189 American Cystoscope Makers 70, 73, 101 American Gastroscopic Society 67 American Optical 54–56, 59, 64–65, 68–69, 71–74, 90–91, 102, 120, 178 Amplifiers, electronic 83–84, 128, 203. See also repeaters Amplifiers, optical 128, 189, 213–214, 233– 235, 240–245 Amplitude modulation 79–80 Ancient glass 28–29 Angle, critical 24–26 Antarctica 237 Antenna theory 110–111 Apollo program 74, 129 Applied Physics Letters 140 Arago, François 14–15 Arc lamp 16–22 Armat, Thomas 284n12 Armistead, Bill 119, 134, 139, 146 Armor, cable 212 Index 329 Army Electronics Command 96 Arrays, selenium cell 35 Asimov, Isaac 216–217 AT&T 37, 40, 83, 97, 129, 163–166, 195– 196, 228–229. See also Bell Labs breakup (1984) 196, 200, 228 business strategy 158, 163–166 cable ships 208, 213 cross-licensing 140, 169 field trials 173, 178, 180–181, 186, 192– 193 submarine cables 203–204, 209–213 second breakup (1996) 232, 235 AT&T Research Labs 235 Atlanta field trial 6, 173, 178 Atmospheric transmission 88, 93–96 Atom bomb tests 53 Attenuation 111–116, 160, 183 measurements 124, 138–139, 142–144 Avery Jones, Sir Francis 289n6 Babinet, Jacques 14–15 Backbone networks 85, 229. See also longdistance networks Baird, John Logie 37–39, 227 Ballard, Robert 237 Band gap 148–149 Bandwidth 7–8, 79–80, 226, 232–238, 245– 249 Bare fibers 47
330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 140–141 Barr & Stroud 122 Bausch & Lomb 61, 67, 120 Beam waveguides 96 Bechmann, G. 17–18 Beernink, G. J. 288 n59 Bell Labs 86–87, 93–100, 120–121, 126– 127, 144, 152–159, 165–174, 192, 195, 228, 231–235, 238, 242, 248. See also AT&T submarine cables 206–208 Bell System see AT&T Bell, Alexander Graham 35, 79, 81 Bellcore 228 Bendix 101 Bergano, Neal 232, 245 Berlin Wall 215 Berreman, Dwight 98–99 Biarritz system 222–223 BICC 137, 172 Black, Phil 198 Bolton, Sir Francis 16–17 Boyle, Bill 305n32 Boys, Charles Vernon 28–32, 283n10 Bradley, Graham 194 Bray, John 119, 122, 174 Breaking scrambler code 69 British Broadcasting Corp. 37, 162 British Ministry of Defense 120 British Post Office 86, 110–111, 141–144, 163, 187–188. See also British Telecom Research Laboratory (Martlesham Heath) 176 Research Station (Dollis Hill) 118–119, 122–123, 125–126, 178 British Telecom 6, 194–195, 210, 232. See also British Post Office Research Laboratory (Martlesham Heath) 182, 197, 225, 227–228, 232 British Titan Products 122, 143 Brouwer, Willem 52–53, 56, 288n59 Bubble, telecommunication 247–255 Budgets, research 122, 128–129 Bulbs. See lamps Bundles, imaging 34–45, 60–74, 133, 236 Cable ships 208, 213 Cable television 8–9, 179, 217–219, 223 Cables breakage 214, 229 coaxial 216–218 manufacture 172, 178 submarine 4, 201–215, 248 Cairo 3 Canada 221–222 Canada Wire and Cable 190 Canadian Department of Communications 221–222 Canary Islands (cable) 211–212 Capacity, fiber transmission 8–9, 78–80, 232– 238, 245–249, 251, 253 Card readers 74, 102 Carrier signals 79, 80, 92 Catapults 32 Cayven, Georgia 31 Central Electricity Generating Board 208 Central Intelligence Agency 61, 64, 68–69, 71 Central office, telephone 77–80 Central Telephone 189 Cerny, Rich 178, 190, 193, 237 Cerritos, California system 224–225 Chemical vapor deposition 171 Chicago field trial 180–181, 186 Chicago World’s Fair (1894) 18 Chinese Ministry of Post and Telecommunications 191 Chinese University of Hong Kong 141 Chown, Martin 123, 128–129, 160–162 Chraplyvy, Andy 234–235 Christmas trees, fiber-optic 75 Chynoweth, Alan G. 309 n36 Ciena 247 Cinerama 54 Cities, wired 217–218 City, fibered 218–225 ‘‘City of Light’’ 10, 236–237 Cladding 46–59, 62, 73, 107 credit for inventing 56 glass 63–66, 68–69 illustrated 48 plastic 63, 66, 178 Clark, William Smith 18 Clarke, Arthur C. 87 Coated fibers 51, 107 Coaxial cable 8–9, 83–84, 201–204, 216– 218 Codes, digital 4 Cohen, Mel 310n70 Coherence 92, 93, 187 Cold War 47, 57 64, 129, 156, 199, 204, 215 Colladon, Daniel 3, 12–18, 23, 27, 282n42 Color centers 134, 138 Combiners, image 73 Comm/Scope 190–191 Communications 76–91 atmospheric laser 93–95 home fiber 216–226 interstellar laser 93 radio 81–84 satellites 87, 204, 212–213, 230 Communist party 57 Communities, futuristic 218–221, 225 Compressed air 13 Comptes Rendus 14–15, 17, 36
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
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3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
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viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
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x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
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xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for
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4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
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6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
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8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
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10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
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2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
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14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
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16 CITY OF LIGHT Special Effects fo
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18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
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Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
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Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
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24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
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26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
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3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
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30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
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32 CITY OF LIGHT made: ‘‘All th
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4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Tele
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36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
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38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
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40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
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42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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44 CITY OF LIGHT He hurried to the
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5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
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48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
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50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
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52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
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54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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56 CITY OF LIGHT little known outsi
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58 CITY OF LIGHT Hopkins knew he ne
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A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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62 CITY OF LIGHT school building eq
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64 CITY OF LIGHT dle, the longest y
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66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
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68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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70 CITY OF LIGHT ble—among other
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72 CITY OF LIGHT bundles into facep
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74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
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A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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78 CITY OF LIGHT phone, and asking
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80 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-1: Modula
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82 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-2: Alexan
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
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124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
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126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
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128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
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130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
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132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
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134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
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136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
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138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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140 CITY OF LIGHT worry about compe
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142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
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144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
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146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
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148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
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150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
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152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
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154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
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156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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158 CITY OF LIGHT Downs and Ups at
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13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
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162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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164 CITY OF LIGHT A pair of wires c
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166 CITY OF LIGHT proposed, Bell co
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168 CITY OF LIGHT link switching ce
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170 CITY OF LIGHT meetings—until
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172 CITY OF LIGHT variation, althou
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174 CITY OF LIGHT bels. 93 All syst
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14 Three Generations in Five Years
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178 CITY OF LIGHT modest increase i
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180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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182 CITY OF LIGHT British Field Tri
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184 CITY OF LIGHT On March 27 Horig
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186 CITY OF LIGHT millions of bits
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188 CITY OF LIGHT Opening the 1.3-m
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190 CITY OF LIGHT pack of beer. The
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192 CITY OF LIGHT The Chinese also
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194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
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196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
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198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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200 CITY OF LIGHT munications was a
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202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
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204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
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206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
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208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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210 CITY OF LIGHT bles, and the Fre
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212 CITY OF LIGHT reaching the wate
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214 CITY OF LIGHT microwave counter
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16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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218 CITY OF LIGHT rebuilding to pro
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220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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222 CITY OF LIGHT puter that showed
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224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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Page 293 and 294: 280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
Page 295 and 296: 282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
Page 297 and 298: 284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
Page 299 and 300: 286 NOTES TO PAGES 44-50 of Munich
Page 301 and 302: 288 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59 47. Lee Du
Page 303 and 304: 290 NOTES TO PAGES 65-70 18. Court
Page 305 and 306: 292 NOTES TO PAGES 74-80 way taken
Page 307 and 308: 294 NOTES TO PAGES 88-91 35. Antoni
Page 309 and 310: 296 NOTES TO PAGES 95-99 on Lasers
Page 311 and 312: 298 NOTES TO PAGES 103-110 Chapter
Page 313 and 314: 300 NOTES TO PAGES 119-123 that pro
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Page 317 and 318: 304 NOTES TO PAGES 147-151 of atten
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Page 321 and 322: 308 NOTES TO PAGES 163-166 broadcas
Page 323 and 324: 310 NOTES TO PAGES 168-171 51. Reev
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Page 327 and 328: 314 NOTES TO PAGES 183-186 37. Keck
Page 329 and 330: 316 NOTES TO PAGES 192-197 76. Inte
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Page 335 and 336: 322 NOTES TO PAGES 223-229 Sandbank
Page 337 and 338: 324 NOTES TO PAGES 236-242 29. Tom
Page 339 and 340: 326 NOTES TO PAGES 246-253 31. Kazu
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Page 345 and 346: 332 INDEX Endoscopes 41-44, 51, 57-
Page 347 and 348: 334 INDEX Index of refraction 24-26
Page 349 and 350: 336 INDEX Møller Hansen, Holger 50
Page 351 and 352: 338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (R
Page 353: 340 INDEX ULE glass 133-134 Ulexite
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