City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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324 NOTES TO PAGES 236–242<br />
29. Tom Geyer, conversation at <strong>Fiber</strong>Fest 97, Framingham, Mass., Mar. 31,<br />
1997.<br />
30. Peter Runge telephone interview, April 11, 1997<br />
31. Paul Mortensen, ‘‘NTT projects lower-cost fiber to the home in 1997,’’<br />
<strong>Light</strong>wave, Dec. 1996, pp. 1, 26.<br />
32. Paul Shumate, telephone interview, Mar. 28, 1997.<br />
33. Jason Stark, telephone interview, Feb. 24, 1997.<br />
Chapter 18<br />
1. Alec Reeves, ‘‘Future prospects in optical communication,’’ John Logie Baird<br />
Memorial Lecture, University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde, Scotland, 30 May 1969, p. 13.<br />
2. Talk at OSA Executive Forum, Anaheim, California, March 18, 2002.<br />
3. Elias Snitzer, W. W. Morey, and W. H. Glenn, ‘‘<strong>Fiber</strong> optic rare earth temperature<br />
sensors,’’ in Optical Fibre Sensors Conference Publication 221 (Institution<br />
<strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers, London, 1983, pp. 79–81).<br />
4. S. B. Poole, D. N. Payne, and M. E. Fermann, ‘‘Fabrication <strong>of</strong> low-loss optical<br />
fibres containing rare-earth ions,’’ Electronics Letters 21, pp. 737–738 (Aug. 15,<br />
1985).<br />
5. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘Neodymium-doped silica single-mode fibre lasers,’’ Electronics<br />
Letters 21, pp. 738–740 (Aug 15, 1985).<br />
6. David Payne, interview with author, March 2001.<br />
7. Simon P. Poole et al., ‘‘Fabrication and characterization <strong>of</strong> low-loss optical<br />
fibers containing rare-earth ions,’’ Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Light</strong>wave Technology 4, pp. 870–876<br />
(July 1986).<br />
8. Laurence Reekie et al, ‘‘Tunable single-mode fiber lasers,’’ Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Light</strong>wave<br />
Technology 4, pp. 956–960 (July 1986).<br />
9. David Payne, Interview with author, March 2001. <strong>The</strong> technical issue is<br />
that erbium is a three-level laser in which unexcited erbium atoms can absorb<br />
the same wavelength that excited erbium atoms emit. It is overcome by exciting<br />
more than half <strong>of</strong> the erbium atoms.<br />
10. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘High-gain rare-earth doped fiber amplifier at 1.54 µm,’’<br />
paper WI2 in Technical Digest, Optical <strong>Fiber</strong> Communication Conference, 19–22 January<br />
1987, Reno, Nevada (Optical Society <strong>of</strong> America).<br />
11. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘Low-noise erbium-doped fiber amplifier operating at<br />
1.54 µm,’’ Electronics Letters 23, pp. 1026–1028 (Sept. 10, 1987).<br />
12. E. Desurvire, J. R. Simpson and P. C. Becker, ‘‘High-grain erbium-doped<br />
traveling-wave fiber amplifier,’’ <strong>Optics</strong> Letter 12, pp. 888–890, (Nov. 1987).<br />
13. R. James Ainslie, Susan P. Craig, and Steven T. Davey, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> absorption<br />
and fluorescence spectra <strong>of</strong> rare earth ions in silica-based monomode fiber,’’ Journal<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Light</strong>wave Technology 6, pp. 287–293 (Feb. 1988).<br />
14. R. I. Laming, S. B. Poole, and E. J. Tarbox, ‘‘Pump excited-state absorption<br />
in erbium-doped fibers,’’ <strong>Optics</strong> Letters 13, pp. 1084–1086 (Dec. 1988).<br />
15. E. Snitzer et al., ‘‘Erbium fiber laser amplifier at 1.55 µm with pump at<br />
1.49 µm and Yb sensitized Er oscillator,’’ postdeadline paper PD2 in Optical <strong>Fiber</strong><br />
Communications Conference Technical Digest 1988.<br />
16. E. Desurvire et al., ‘‘Efficient erbium-doped fiber amplifiers at a 1,53-µm<br />
wavelength with a high output saturation power,’’ <strong>Optics</strong> Letters 14, pp. 1266–<br />
1268 (Nov. 15, 1989).<br />
17. Emmanuel Desurvire, e-mail to author August 10, 2001.