City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

324 NOTES TO PAGES 236–242
29. Tom Geyer, conversation at FiberFest 97, Framingham, Mass., Mar. 31,
1997.
30. Peter Runge telephone interview, April 11, 1997
31. Paul Mortensen, ‘‘NTT projects lower-cost fiber to the home in 1997,’’
Lightwave, Dec. 1996, pp. 1, 26.
32. Paul Shumate, telephone interview, Mar. 28, 1997.
33. Jason Stark, telephone interview, Feb. 24, 1997.
Chapter 18
1. Alec Reeves, ‘‘Future prospects in optical communication,’’ John Logie Baird
Memorial Lecture, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 30 May 1969, p. 13.
2. Talk at OSA Executive Forum, Anaheim, California, March 18, 2002.
3. Elias Snitzer, W. W. Morey, and W. H. Glenn, ‘‘Fiber optic rare earth temperature
sensors,’’ in Optical Fibre Sensors Conference Publication 221 (Institution
of Electrical Engineers, London, 1983, pp. 79–81).
4. S. B. Poole, D. N. Payne, and M. E. Fermann, ‘‘Fabrication of low-loss optical
fibres containing rare-earth ions,’’ Electronics Letters 21, pp. 737–738 (Aug. 15,
1985).
5. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘Neodymium-doped silica single-mode fibre lasers,’’ Electronics
Letters 21, pp. 738–740 (Aug 15, 1985).
6. David Payne, interview with author, March 2001.
7. Simon P. Poole et al., ‘‘Fabrication and characterization of low-loss optical
fibers containing rare-earth ions,’’ Journal of Lightwave Technology 4, pp. 870–876
(July 1986).
8. Laurence Reekie et al, ‘‘Tunable single-mode fiber lasers,’’ Journal of Lightwave
Technology 4, pp. 956–960 (July 1986).
9. David Payne, Interview with author, March 2001. The technical issue is
that erbium is a three-level laser in which unexcited erbium atoms can absorb
the same wavelength that excited erbium atoms emit. It is overcome by exciting
more than half of the erbium atoms.
10. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘High-gain rare-earth doped fiber amplifier at 1.54 µm,’’
paper WI2 in Technical Digest, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 19–22 January
1987, Reno, Nevada (Optical Society of America).
11. R. J. Mears et al., ‘‘Low-noise erbium-doped fiber amplifier operating at
1.54 µm,’’ Electronics Letters 23, pp. 1026–1028 (Sept. 10, 1987).
12. E. Desurvire, J. R. Simpson and P. C. Becker, ‘‘High-grain erbium-doped
traveling-wave fiber amplifier,’’ Optics Letter 12, pp. 888–890, (Nov. 1987).
13. R. James Ainslie, Susan P. Craig, and Steven T. Davey, ‘‘The absorption
and fluorescence spectra of rare earth ions in silica-based monomode fiber,’’ Journal
of Lightwave Technology 6, pp. 287–293 (Feb. 1988).
14. R. I. Laming, S. B. Poole, and E. J. Tarbox, ‘‘Pump excited-state absorption
in erbium-doped fibers,’’ Optics Letters 13, pp. 1084–1086 (Dec. 1988).
15. E. Snitzer et al., ‘‘Erbium fiber laser amplifier at 1.55 µm with pump at
1.49 µm and Yb sensitized Er oscillator,’’ postdeadline paper PD2 in Optical Fiber
Communications Conference Technical Digest 1988.
16. E. Desurvire et al., ‘‘Efficient erbium-doped fiber amplifiers at a 1,53-µm
wavelength with a high output saturation power,’’ Optics Letters 14, pp. 1266–
1268 (Nov. 15, 1989).
17. Emmanuel Desurvire, e-mail to author August 10, 2001.