City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

NOTES TO PAGES 229–236 323
gopher burrow and watching what live gophers did to the cable (Donna Cunningham,
AT&T PR Dept., fax to author Apr. 27, 1995).
10. John Fulenwider, telephone interview, Nov. 7, 1988, for article in South
magazine.
11. Peter Wranik, telephone interview, Oct. 31, 1988, for article in South
magazine.
12. Stewart E. Miller and Ivan P. Kaminow, eds., Optical Fiber Telecommunications
II (Academic Press, Boston, 1988).
13. Linn F. Mollenauer, interview, July 19, 1995; Linn F. Mollenauer and K.
Smith, ‘‘Demonstration of soliton transmission over more than 4000 km in fiber
with loss periodically compensated by Raman gain,’’ Optics Letters 13, No. 8,
pp. 675–677 (Aug. 1988).
14. Raman amplification transfers energy from a strong laser beam at one
wavelength to a weaker beam at a second.
15. L. F. Mollenauer, R. H. Stolen, and M. N. Islam, ‘‘Experimental demonstration
of soliton propagation in long fibers: loss compensated by Raman gain,’’ Optics
Letters 10, No. 5, pp. 229–231 (May 1985).
16. M. Nakazawa et al., ‘‘Experimental demonstration of soliton data transmission
over unlimited distances with soliton control in time and frequency domains,’’
postdeadline paper PD7 in Postdeadline Papers, Conference on Optical Fiber
Communications, February 21–26, 1993 (Optical Society of America, Washington,
D.C., 1993).
17. L. F. Mollenauer et al., ‘‘Demonstration, using sliding-frequency guiding
filters, of error-free soliton transmission over more than 20,000 km at 10 Gbit/s,
single-channel, and over more than 13,000 km at 20 Gbit/s in a two-channel
WDM,’’ postdeadline paper PD8, Postdeadline Papers.
18. Mollenauer interview.
19. Andrew Chraplyvy, interview, July 19, 1995.
20. A. R. Chraplyvy et al., ‘‘One-third terabit/s transmission through 150 km
of dispersion-shifted fiber,’’ IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 7, p. 98 (1995).
21. Chraplyvy interview.
22. A. H. Gnauck et al., ‘‘One terabit/s transmission experiment,’’ Postdeadline
paper 20 in Conference on Optical Fiber Communications OFC ’96 Technical Digest
(Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1996).
23. H. Onaka et al., ‘‘1.1 Tb/s WDM transmission over a 150 km, 1.3 µm
zero-dispersion single-mode fiber,’’ postdeadline paper 19 in Conference on Optical
Fiber Communications.’’
24. T. Morioka et al., ‘‘100 Gbit/s � 10 channel OTDM/WDM transmission
using a single supercontinuum WDM source,’’ postdeadline paper 21 in Conference
on Optical Fiber Communications.’’
25. Information posted on Project Oxygen web site, http://www.oxygen.org
in November 1998; also Robert Poe, Project Oxygen, private communication. The
web site is now defunct and not archived.
26. Ben Harrison, ‘‘Quad-WDM technology hikes MCI’s network capacity,’’
Lightwave, July 1996, pp. 6–8.
27. Paul Palumbo, ‘‘MCI hits 40 Gbit in OC-192 trial,’’ Lightwave, Mar. 1997,
pp. 1, 17.
28. Lucent Technologies press release. No company has yet installed any system
that uses all the available wavelength channels, so actual operating speeds
are less.