City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

322 NOTES TO PAGES 223–229
Sandbank, ‘‘Opening address,’’ Sixth European Conference on Optical Communication
(Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 1980 Conference Publication 190,
pp. 1–3).
33. Subscribers received black-and-white cameras because color was too expensive,
although the screens were color. (The official reason was ‘‘because lighting
in private homes and apartments tends to be inadequate for good color filming.’’)
Francois Gerin, ‘‘Video communications: images, sounds and data in
freedom!’’ manuscript dated Oct. 1985, circulated by Direction Generale des Telecommunications,
Ministry of Post, Telephone and Telephone.
34. Triboullet telephone interview.
35. Marc P. Duchesne, e-mail to author Feb. 12, 1997.
36. Roland Goarin, ‘‘Component reliability results from the Biarritz field trial
and from ‘‘plan cable’’ volume deployment,’’ paper 17.1, in Technical Digest, IEEE
Globecom 1991, (IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., 1991)
37. Triboullet telephone interview.
38. Kachulak telephone interview.
39. Paul Shumate, telephone interview, Mar. 29, 1997.
40. GTE press release, Apr. 13, 1988.
41. The Cerritos Project: 1992 Annual Report (GTE Telephone Operations,
1992).
42. Robert Olshansky, telephone interview, Feb. 21, 1997.
43. Paul Shumate, ‘‘What’s happening with fiber to the home,’’ Optics & Photonics
News, Feb. 1996, pp. 16–21, 75.
44. Shumate, telephone interview.
45. ‘‘NTT opticalizes access network,’’ information supplied by Akiko Kato,
NTT Public Relations Department, Mar. 29, 1996.
46. Will Hicks, ‘‘Where fiber optics should go,’’ paper presented at Fiberoptics
Futures conference, Waltham, Mass., sponsored by New England Fiberoptics
Council, May 26, 1993.
Chapter 17
1. Alec Reeves, ‘‘Future prospects in optical communication,’’ John Logie Baird
Memorial Lecture, University of Strathclyde, May 30, 1969.
2. John Midwinter, interview, Dec. 5, 1994.
3. Donald Keck, interview, Mar. 7, 1995.
4. Charles H. Burrus, Herweg Kogelnik, and Tingye Li, ‘‘Obituaries: Stewart E.
Miller,’’ Physics Today, Nov. 1990, pp. 102–103.
5. Jack Cook, telephone interview, July 9, 1997.
6. For a history of the industrial growth, see C. David Chaffee, The Rewiring of
America: The Fiber Optics Revolution (Academic Press, Boston, 1988).
7. Jeff Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics (Sams Publishing, Indianapolis, 1987).
8. Ira Jacobs, interview, Nov. 19, 1996.
9. Sharks got all the press, but the only cable they damaged was the one in
the Canary Islands. Gophers are serious hazards to buried cables. Like other rodents,
their front teeth grow continually, so they instinctively gnaw anything they
can get their teeth around. Fiber cables are particularly vulnerable because they
are small, so cables buried in areas where gophers live are armored with heavy
metal wires. To test their protection, telephone and electric power industries developed
a standard gopher test, which involved running cable through a simulated