City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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322 NOTES TO PAGES 223–229<br />
Sandbank, ‘‘Opening address,’’ Sixth European Conference on Optical Communication<br />
(Institution <strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers, London, 1980 Conference Publication 190,<br />
pp. 1–3).<br />
33. Subscribers received black-and-white cameras because color was too expensive,<br />
although the screens were color. (<strong>The</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial reason was ‘‘because lighting<br />
in private homes and apartments tends to be inadequate for good color filming.’’)<br />
Francois Gerin, ‘‘Video communications: images, sounds and data in<br />
freedom!’’ manuscript dated Oct. 1985, circulated by Direction Generale des Telecommunications,<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Post, Telephone and Telephone.<br />
34. Triboullet telephone interview.<br />
35. Marc P. Duchesne, e-mail to author Feb. 12, 1997.<br />
36. Roland Goarin, ‘‘Component reliability results from the Biarritz field trial<br />
and from ‘‘plan cable’’ volume deployment,’’ paper 17.1, in Technical Digest, IEEE<br />
Globecom 1991, (IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., 1991)<br />
37. Triboullet telephone interview.<br />
38. Kachulak telephone interview.<br />
39. Paul Shumate, telephone interview, Mar. 29, 1997.<br />
40. GTE press release, Apr. 13, 1988.<br />
41. <strong>The</strong> Cerritos Project: 1992 Annual Report (GTE Telephone Operations,<br />
1992).<br />
42. Robert Olshansky, telephone interview, Feb. 21, 1997.<br />
43. Paul Shumate, ‘‘What’s happening with fiber to the home,’’ <strong>Optics</strong> & Photonics<br />
News, Feb. 1996, pp. 16–21, 75.<br />
44. Shumate, telephone interview.<br />
45. ‘‘NTT opticalizes access network,’’ information supplied by Akiko Kato,<br />
NTT Public Relations Department, Mar. 29, 1996.<br />
46. Will Hicks, ‘‘Where fiber optics should go,’’ paper presented at <strong>Fiber</strong>optics<br />
Futures conference, Waltham, Mass., sponsored by New England <strong>Fiber</strong>optics<br />
Council, May 26, 1993.<br />
Chapter 17<br />
1. Alec Reeves, ‘‘Future prospects in optical communication,’’ John Logie Baird<br />
Memorial Lecture, University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde, May 30, 1969.<br />
2. John Midwinter, interview, Dec. 5, 1994.<br />
3. Donald Keck, interview, Mar. 7, 1995.<br />
4. Charles H. Burrus, Herweg Kogelnik, and Tingye Li, ‘‘Obituaries: Stewart E.<br />
Miller,’’ Physics Today, Nov. 1990, pp. 102–103.<br />
5. Jack Cook, telephone interview, July 9, 1997.<br />
6. For a history <strong>of</strong> the industrial growth, see C. David Chaffee, <strong>The</strong> Rewiring <strong>of</strong><br />
America: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Fiber</strong> <strong>Optics</strong> Revolution (Academic Press, Boston, 1988).<br />
7. Jeff Hecht, Understanding <strong>Fiber</strong> <strong>Optics</strong> (Sams Publishing, Indianapolis, 1987).<br />
8. Ira Jacobs, interview, Nov. 19, 1996.<br />
9. Sharks got all the press, but the only cable they damaged was the one in<br />
the Canary Islands. Gophers are serious hazards to buried cables. Like other rodents,<br />
their front teeth grow continually, so they instinctively gnaw anything they<br />
can get their teeth around. <strong>Fiber</strong> cables are particularly vulnerable because they<br />
are small, so cables buried in areas where gophers live are armored with heavy<br />
metal wires. To test their protection, telephone and electric power industries developed<br />
a standard gopher test, which involved running cable through a simulated