City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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NOTES TO PAGES 220–223 321<br />
March 79 (Visual Information System Development Association, MITI, Tokyo,<br />
1979); see also other sources, such as Masahiro Kawahata, ‘‘Hi-OVIS,’’ Dutton et<br />
al., Wired Cities (pp. 179–200).<br />
14. ‘‘<strong>The</strong> fibered city as social laboratory: a progress report on Japan’s Hi-<br />
OVIS,’’ Laser Focus, Jan. 1980, pp. 58–60.<br />
15. Jeff Hecht, talk delivered at the 1980 Newport Conference on <strong>Fiber</strong>-Optic<br />
Markets, Kessler Marketing Intelligence, Newport, R. I.; Jeff Hecht, ‘‘Marketing<br />
broad band services,’’ Laser Focus, Dec. 1980, p. 6.<br />
16. Masahiro Kawahata, e-mail to author, Apr. 10, 1997.<br />
17. ‘‘<strong>The</strong> fibered city.’’<br />
18. Masahiro Kawakata, e-mail to author, Apr. 10, 1997<br />
19. Quote from Tetsuhiko Ikegama, senior vice president, NTT, talk delivered<br />
at the Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology, Apr. 14, 1994. Like most NTT accounts<br />
<strong>of</strong> fiber-optic development in Japan, Ikegama’s talk did not mention Hi-<br />
OVIS by name, although he did praise MITI’s early work. I have seen other NTT<br />
reports in which the omission <strong>of</strong> Hi-OVIS was much more striking.<br />
20. Letter from Akiko Kato, NTT PR Dept., Dec. 5, 1997. Stringing fiber to<br />
distribution nodes near homes by the earlier date is much less expensive than<br />
stringing fiber directly to all homes and businesses. NTT evidently plans to run<br />
fiber links to individual homes as requested or needed.<br />
21. Canada earlier laid fibers to 40 homes in the exclusive Yorkville district <strong>of</strong><br />
Toronto, but the local cable-television system blocked tests <strong>of</strong> video services. <strong>The</strong><br />
Manitoba Telephone System had rights to <strong>of</strong>fer cable television in Elie and Ste.<br />
Eustache, so video tests could proceed there P. H. Chouinard, M. Larose,<br />
F. M. Banks, and J. R. Berry, ‘‘Description and performance review <strong>of</strong> the Yorkville<br />
integrated services fiber optic trial,’’ paper 28.3 in International Conference on<br />
Communications, 1979, Boston, Mass (IEEE Conference Digest, Piscataway, N.J.,<br />
1979).<br />
22. Figures are in US dollars; the budget was $9.5 million Canadian. Brian B.<br />
McCallum, ‘‘<strong>Fiber</strong> optic subscriber loops: a look at the Elie system,’’ Laser Focus,<br />
Nov. 1980, pp. 64–67.<br />
23. Jeff Hecht, ‘‘<strong>Fiber</strong>opolis,’’ Omni, Dec. 1982, pp. 120–128.<br />
24. Rod Kachulak, telephone interview, Mar. 3, 1997.<br />
25. Joel Stratte-McClure, ‘‘French telecommunications,’’ advertising supplement<br />
to Scientific American, Sept. 1980.<br />
26. Michel Triboullet, telephone interview, Feb. 13, 1997.<br />
27. ‘‘Biarritz optical fiber system,’’ paper circa 1980, from France, not specifically<br />
attributed.<br />
28. ‘‘Postdeadline reports,’’ Laser Focus, Dec. 1980, p. 4.<br />
29. ‘‘Postdeadline reports.’’<br />
30. William H. Dutton, ‘‘Driving into the future <strong>of</strong> communications? Check<br />
the rear-view mirror,’’ paper presented at ‘‘POTS to PANS, social issues in the<br />
multimedia evolution from plain old telephony services to Picture and Network<br />
Services,’’ Mar. 28–30, 1994, Hintlesham, Suffolk, UK (paper available via World<br />
Wide Web).<br />
31. Thierry Vedel, ‘‘Local policies for wiring France,’’ in Dutton et al., Wired<br />
Cities (pp. 255–278).<br />
32. E.g., at the September 1979 European Conference on Optical Communications<br />
in Amsterdam, there were 36 Japanese papers, 17 each from Britain and<br />
the United States, 12 from Germany, and a mere 6 from France. See Charles