City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

NOTES TO PAGES 208–213 319
25. Murray Ramsay, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.
26. Uchida and Uesuge, ‘‘Infrared optical loss.’’
27. Kiyofumi Mochizui et al., ‘‘Influence of hydrogen on optical fiber loss in
submarine cables,’’ in Runge and Trischitta, eds., Undersea Lightwave Communications
(pp. 177–188).
28. Keck interview.
29. Murray Ramsay and Martin Chown, interviews, Dec. 2, 1994.
30. Keck interview.
31. Mochizui et al., ‘‘Influence of hydrogen.’’
32. The number quoted varies; an initial (May 16, 1983) AT&T press release
says 29 companies are involved; 1990 directory of submarine cables (O’Rorke,
1990 World’s Submarine) lists 23.
33. Martin Chown, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.
34. AT&T Press release, Nov. 16, 1983.
35. ‘‘World submarine telecommunication systems,’’ map (STC Submarine Cables
Ltd., London, Sept. 1984).
36. O’Rorke, 1990 World’s Submarine.
37. Press release, STC Submarine Cables, dated Oct. 30, 1986.
38. George A. Heath and Martin Chown, ‘‘The UK-Belgium no. 5 optical fiber
submarine system,’’ in Runge and Trischetta, eds., Undersea Lightwave Communications
(pp. 129–141).
39. Press release, STC Submarine Cables.
40. Hiroshi Fukinuki et al., ‘‘The FS-400M submarine system,’’ Runge and
Trischetta, eds., Undersea Lightwave Communications (pp. 69–82).
41. Gordon Reinholds was the engineer, Runge, interview.
42. Runge, interview.
43. Lazay interview.
44. Runge, ‘‘A high-capacity.’’
45. Fridolin Bosch, G. M. Palmer, Charles D. Sallada, and C. Burke Swan,
‘‘Compact 1.3µm laser transmitter for the SL undersea lightwave system,’’ in
Runge and Trischetta, eds., Undersea Lightwave Communications (pp. 445–458).
46. O’Rorke, 1990 World’s Submarine.’’
47. See, e.g., Michael Kinsley, ‘‘Is AT&T hamstringing Comsat?’’ New York
Times, June 13, 1976, p. 14, section III.
48. R. A. Williamson, project director, International Cooperation and Competition
in Civilian Space Activities (Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., July
1985; OTA-ISA-239).
49. The technology for dispersion-shifted fibers was refined gradually by finetuning
the structure of the fiber. V. A. Bhagavatula. M. S. Spotz, W. F. Love, and
Donald B. Keck, ‘‘Segmented-core single-mode fibers with low loss and low dispersion,’’
Electronics Letters 19, No. 9, pp. 317–318 (Apr. 25, 1983); B. J. Ainslie
et al., ‘‘Monomode fibre with ultra low loss and minimum dispersion at 1.55
microns,’’ Electronics Letters 18, pp. 842–844 (1982).
50. Runge interview.
51. Leonard Heymann, ‘‘Intelsat mounts defensive campaign against cables,’’
Communications Week, Sept. 22, 1986, p. 51.
52. ‘‘TAT-8 schedule slips two months,’’ Lasers & Optronics, August 1988,
p. 29.
53. Kathleen Killett, ‘‘Fiber optic cable approaches transatlantic service cutover,’’
Communications Week, Dec. 5, 1988, p. 32.