City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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NOTES TO PAGES 208–213 319<br />
25. Murray Ramsay, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.<br />
26. Uchida and Uesuge, ‘‘Infrared optical loss.’’<br />
27. Kiy<strong>of</strong>umi Mochizui et al., ‘‘Influence <strong>of</strong> hydrogen on optical fiber loss in<br />
submarine cables,’’ in Runge and Trischitta, eds., Undersea <strong>Light</strong>wave Communications<br />
(pp. 177–188).<br />
28. Keck interview.<br />
29. Murray Ramsay and Martin Chown, interviews, Dec. 2, 1994.<br />
30. Keck interview.<br />
31. Mochizui et al., ‘‘Influence <strong>of</strong> hydrogen.’’<br />
32. <strong>The</strong> number quoted varies; an initial (May 16, 1983) AT&T press release<br />
says 29 companies are involved; 1990 directory <strong>of</strong> submarine cables (O’Rorke,<br />
1990 World’s Submarine) lists 23.<br />
33. Martin Chown, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.<br />
34. AT&T Press release, Nov. 16, 1983.<br />
35. ‘‘World submarine telecommunication systems,’’ map (STC Submarine Cables<br />
Ltd., London, Sept. 1984).<br />
36. O’Rorke, 1990 World’s Submarine.<br />
37. Press release, STC Submarine Cables, dated Oct. 30, 1986.<br />
38. George A. Heath and Martin Chown, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> UK-Belgium no. 5 optical fiber<br />
submarine system,’’ in Runge and Trischetta, eds., Undersea <strong>Light</strong>wave Communications<br />
(pp. 129–141).<br />
39. Press release, STC Submarine Cables.<br />
40. Hiroshi Fukinuki et al., ‘‘<strong>The</strong> FS-400M submarine system,’’ Runge and<br />
Trischetta, eds., Undersea <strong>Light</strong>wave Communications (pp. 69–82).<br />
41. Gordon Reinholds was the engineer, Runge, interview.<br />
42. Runge, interview.<br />
43. Lazay interview.<br />
44. Runge, ‘‘A high-capacity.’’<br />
45. Fridolin Bosch, G. M. Palmer, Charles D. Sallada, and C. Burke Swan,<br />
‘‘Compact 1.3µm laser transmitter for the SL undersea lightwave system,’’ in<br />
Runge and Trischetta, eds., Undersea <strong>Light</strong>wave Communications (pp. 445–458).<br />
46. O’Rorke, 1990 World’s Submarine.’’<br />
47. See, e.g., Michael Kinsley, ‘‘Is AT&T hamstringing Comsat?’’ New York<br />
Times, June 13, 1976, p. 14, section III.<br />
48. R. A. Williamson, project director, International Cooperation and Competition<br />
in Civilian Space Activities (Office <strong>of</strong> Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., July<br />
1985; OTA-ISA-239).<br />
49. <strong>The</strong> technology for dispersion-shifted fibers was refined gradually by finetuning<br />
the structure <strong>of</strong> the fiber. V. A. Bhagavatula. M. S. Spotz, W. F. Love, and<br />
Donald B. Keck, ‘‘Segmented-core single-mode fibers with low loss and low dispersion,’’<br />
Electronics Letters 19, No. 9, pp. 317–318 (Apr. 25, 1983); B. J. Ainslie<br />
et al., ‘‘Monomode fibre with ultra low loss and minimum dispersion at 1.55<br />
microns,’’ Electronics Letters 18, pp. 842–844 (1982).<br />
50. Runge interview.<br />
51. Leonard Heymann, ‘‘Intelsat mounts defensive campaign against cables,’’<br />
Communications Week, Sept. 22, 1986, p. 51.<br />
52. ‘‘TAT-8 schedule slips two months,’’ Lasers & Optronics, August 1988,<br />
p. 29.<br />
53. Kathleen Killett, ‘‘<strong>Fiber</strong> optic cable approaches transatlantic service cutover,’’<br />
Communications Week, Dec. 5, 1988, p. 32.