City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

316 NOTES TO PAGES 192–197
76. Interviews with Ken Nill, Jim Hsieh, Jan. 30, 1996.
77. ‘‘A permanent fiber trunk in Fort Wayne is expected to save GTE $1.5
million,’’ Laser Focus 15, p. 48 (Jan. 1979).
78. Allen Kasiewicz, interview, Jan. 9, 1997.
79. Jacobs interview.
80. ‘‘Nippon Telephone transmits at 1.27 µm through 53 km of fiber without
repeater,’’ Laser Focus 14, pp. 52–54 (Nov. 1978).
81. Jeff Hecht, ‘‘Preview of OSA’s fiber meeting,’’ Laser Focus 15, pp. 34–40
(Mar. 1979).
82. M. G. Blankenship et al., ‘‘High phosphorous containing P 2O 5-GeO 2-SiO 2
optical waveguide,’’ postdeadline paper PD-3 in Technical Digest Optical Fiber Communication
(Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1979).
83. Detlef Gloge and Tingye Li, ‘‘Multimode fiber technology for digital transmission,’’
Proceedings of the IEEE 68, No. 10, pp. 1269–1275 (Oct. 1980).
84. Marshall C. Hudson and Lewis C. Kenyon, ‘‘Installation and measurement
of an 18.7-and 23.5-km unrepeatered fiber-optic interoffice trunk,’’ paper TuDD1
in Technical Digest: OFC ’82, Topical Meeting on Optical Fiber Communication (Optical
Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1982).
85. The company had the cable-television franchise for the whole province.
‘‘3400-km fiber trunk network planned to provide cable TV on Canadian plains,’’
Laser Focus, Sept. 1979, pp. 64–66; Graham C. Bradley, ‘‘Wobbly DC to megablinking
light in 3.8 billion seconds,’’ Saskatchewan Telecommunications June
1995, unpublished; Graham Bradley, telephone interview, Feb. 6, 1997.
86. John Midwinter, ‘‘The year of optical fibers,’’ National Electronics Review
1980/81 (National Electronics Council, London, 1981, pp. 8–13).
87. Midwinter interview.
88. Ibid.
89. D. R. Smith, ‘‘Advances in optical fiber communications,’’ Physics Bulletin
33, pp. 401–403 (1982).
90. Paul Lazay, interview, Nov. 12, 1996.
91. Midwinter interview.
92. Ira Jacobs, ‘‘Lightwave system development: looking back and ahead,’’
Optics & Photonics News, Feb. 1995, pp. 19–23, 39; ‘‘Bell System plans $79M fiber
trunk to serve Northeast Corridor by 1984,’’ Laser Focus, Mar. 1980, pp. 60–62.
93. Will Hicks, interview, Feb. 4, 1994.
94. C. David Chaffee, The Rewiring of America: The Fiber Optics Revolution (Academic
Press, Boston, 1988, p. 35).
95. Jacobs, ‘‘Lightwave system development.’’
96. The lower loss at 1.3 micrometers would offset the lower power from the
LED, so all three channels would have repeaters every seven kilometers, at the
same points as the old coaxial cable. Jacobs interview.
97. Jacobs, ‘‘Lightwave system development’’; Kasiewicz interview.
98. Jacobs, ‘‘Lightwave system development.’’
99. See papers in Technical Digest: OFC ’82, Topical Meeting,’’ including postdeadline
papers; the AT&T quote is from D. P. Jablonowski, ‘‘Present and future
fiber manufacturing outlook,’’ paper TuGG3.
100. The American telephone industry and its suppliers were accustomed to
following the lead set by AT&T, which was firmly in the graded-index camp. So
did industry analysts and reporters.
101. After graduating from the Harvard Business School, McGowan spent