City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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316 NOTES TO PAGES 192–197<br />
76. Interviews with Ken Nill, Jim Hsieh, Jan. 30, 1996.<br />
77. ‘‘A permanent fiber trunk in Fort Wayne is expected to save GTE $1.5<br />
million,’’ Laser Focus 15, p. 48 (Jan. 1979).<br />
78. Allen Kasiewicz, interview, Jan. 9, 1997.<br />
79. Jacobs interview.<br />
80. ‘‘Nippon Telephone transmits at 1.27 µm through 53 km <strong>of</strong> fiber without<br />
repeater,’’ Laser Focus 14, pp. 52–54 (Nov. 1978).<br />
81. Jeff Hecht, ‘‘Preview <strong>of</strong> OSA’s fiber meeting,’’ Laser Focus 15, pp. 34–40<br />
(Mar. 1979).<br />
82. M. G. Blankenship et al., ‘‘High phosphorous containing P 2O 5-GeO 2-SiO 2<br />
optical waveguide,’’ postdeadline paper PD-3 in Technical Digest Optical <strong>Fiber</strong> Communication<br />
(Optical Society <strong>of</strong> America, Washington, D.C., 1979).<br />
83. Detlef Gloge and Tingye Li, ‘‘Multimode fiber technology for digital transmission,’’<br />
Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the IEEE 68, No. 10, pp. 1269–1275 (Oct. 1980).<br />
84. Marshall C. Hudson and Lewis C. Kenyon, ‘‘Installation and measurement<br />
<strong>of</strong> an 18.7-and 23.5-km unrepeatered fiber-optic inter<strong>of</strong>fice trunk,’’ paper TuDD1<br />
in Technical Digest: OFC ’82, Topical Meeting on Optical <strong>Fiber</strong> Communication (Optical<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> America, Washington, D.C., 1982).<br />
85. <strong>The</strong> company had the cable-television franchise for the whole province.<br />
‘‘3400-km fiber trunk network planned to provide cable TV on Canadian plains,’’<br />
Laser Focus, Sept. 1979, pp. 64–66; Graham C. Bradley, ‘‘Wobbly DC to megablinking<br />
light in 3.8 billion seconds,’’ Saskatchewan Telecommunications June<br />
1995, unpublished; Graham Bradley, telephone interview, Feb. 6, 1997.<br />
86. John Midwinter, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> year <strong>of</strong> optical fibers,’’ National Electronics Review<br />
1980/81 (National Electronics Council, London, 1981, pp. 8–13).<br />
87. Midwinter interview.<br />
88. Ibid.<br />
89. D. R. Smith, ‘‘Advances in optical fiber communications,’’ Physics Bulletin<br />
33, pp. 401–403 (1982).<br />
90. Paul Lazay, interview, Nov. 12, 1996.<br />
91. Midwinter interview.<br />
92. Ira Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system development: looking back and ahead,’’<br />
<strong>Optics</strong> & Photonics News, Feb. 1995, pp. 19–23, 39; ‘‘Bell System plans $79M fiber<br />
trunk to serve Northeast Corridor by 1984,’’ Laser Focus, Mar. 1980, pp. 60–62.<br />
93. Will Hicks, interview, Feb. 4, 1994.<br />
94. C. David Chaffee, <strong>The</strong> Rewiring <strong>of</strong> America: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Fiber</strong> <strong>Optics</strong> Revolution (Academic<br />
Press, Boston, 1988, p. 35).<br />
95. Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system development.’’<br />
96. <strong>The</strong> lower loss at 1.3 micrometers would <strong>of</strong>fset the lower power from the<br />
LED, so all three channels would have repeaters every seven kilometers, at the<br />
same points as the old coaxial cable. Jacobs interview.<br />
97. Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system development’’; Kasiewicz interview.<br />
98. Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system development.’’<br />
99. See papers in Technical Digest: OFC ’82, Topical Meeting,’’ including postdeadline<br />
papers; the AT&T quote is from D. P. Jablonowski, ‘‘Present and future<br />
fiber manufacturing outlook,’’ paper TuGG3.<br />
100. <strong>The</strong> American telephone industry and its suppliers were accustomed to<br />
following the lead set by AT&T, which was firmly in the graded-index camp. So<br />
did industry analysts and reporters.<br />
101. After graduating from the Harvard Business School, McGowan spent