City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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312 NOTES TO PAGES 174–178<br />
95. A. G. Fox and W. D. Warters, ‘‘Waveguide research,’’ chap. 6 in Millman,<br />
ed., A History <strong>of</strong> Engineering and Science (pp. 247–272).<br />
96. William D. Smith, ‘‘AT&T forecasts record spending,’’ New York Times, Oct.<br />
14, 1971, business section.<br />
97. <strong>The</strong> Japanese—among the last to abandon millimeter waveguides—supplied<br />
the rest <strong>of</strong> the waveguide needed to finish the array. O’Neill, ed., A History<br />
<strong>of</strong> Science and Technology (pp. 623–647 on millimeter waveguide).<br />
98. Roger Heckingbottom, interview, Dec. 1, 1994.<br />
99. D. Merlo, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> millimetric waveguide system: the current situation,’’ Post<br />
Office Electrical Engineer’s Journal 69, pt 1, pp. 34–37 (April 1976).<br />
100. British Telecom Labs interview transcript, Dec. 1, 1994.<br />
101. Richard Dyott, telephone interview, Jan. 11, 1994.<br />
102. O’Neill, ed., A History <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology (p. 647 on millimeter<br />
waveguide).<br />
103. Harold Barlow, ‘‘Introductory address,’’ Conference on Trunk Telecommunications<br />
by Guided Waves (Institution <strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers, London, 1970,<br />
pp. xi–xiv).<br />
Chapter 14<br />
1. Victor K. McElheny, ‘‘Threads <strong>of</strong> glass carry messages in new process,’’ New<br />
York Times, Nov. 30, 1975, p. 62.<br />
2. F. F. Roberts, ‘‘Optical communication today and tomorrow,’’ in Proceedings<br />
Third European Conference on Optical Communications (VDE-Verlag, Berlin, 1977)<br />
pp. 2–7, 1977). This is from the text <strong>of</strong> an invited opening paper that Roberts<br />
prepared before his death.<br />
3. Dorset Police, ‘‘Optical fiber communications,’’ press notice, undated, supplied<br />
by Nortel.<br />
4. Don Williams, telephone interview, Jan. 15, 1997; also Michael Moncaster,<br />
telephone interview, Jan. 15, 1997.<br />
5. Account from Murray Ramsay and Martin Chown interviews, Dec. 2, 1994;<br />
Murray Ramsay, telephone interview, Jan. 22, 1997.<br />
6. Martin Chown, telephone interview, Jan. 23, 1997.<br />
7. ‘‘Optical fiber link for police computer,’’ Electronics Weekly, Sept. 24, 1975,<br />
p. 3.<br />
8. D. B. Keck, R. D. Maurer, and P. C. Schultz, ‘‘On the ultimate lower limit <strong>of</strong><br />
attenuation in glass optical waveguides,’’ Applied Physics Letters 22, No. 7,<br />
pp. 307–309 (Apr. 1, 1973).<br />
9. This intermediate speed was not used in America. <strong>The</strong> International Telecommunication<br />
Union standard speeds used in Europe were 8.4, 34, and 140<br />
million bits per second. <strong>The</strong> American standard leaped from 45 to 274 million<br />
bits per second with no intermediate steps. R. W. Berry and R. C. Hooper, ‘‘Practical<br />
design requirements for optical fiber transmission systems,’’ Optical <strong>Fiber</strong> Communications<br />
(Institution <strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers, London, 1975, conference proceedings<br />
132; proceedings <strong>of</strong> first European Conference on Optical<br />
Communications, held Sept. 16–18, 1975, London).<br />
10. K. Kurokawa et al., ‘‘A 400 Mb/s experimental transmission system using<br />
a graded-index fiber,’’ in Optical <strong>Fiber</strong> Communications.<br />
11. Dick Dyott, telephone interview, Mar. 13, 1997.