City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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NOTES TO PAGES 171–174 311<br />
invaluable check on fallible memories because it summarizes the Bell Labs program<br />
when it was written in August, 1972.<br />
72. Although he had already suffered one heart attack, Kompfner took on two<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essorships, dividing his time between Oxford and Stanford Universities.<br />
73. In Europe, patent applications are published a year after they are filed. In<br />
the United States, they are not published until the application is granted, typically<br />
a few years after filing.<br />
74. John MacChesney, interview, May 1995.<br />
75. John MacChesney, telephone interview, July 17, 1996.<br />
76. Jaeger lecture notes mention a paper that is probably the MacChesney one<br />
listed in n. 77.<br />
77. J. B. MacChesney et al, ‘‘Low-loss silica core-borosilicate clad optical fiber<br />
waveguide,’’ Applied Physics Letters 23 pp. 340–341 (Sep. 15, 1973).<br />
78. J. B. MacChesney et al., ‘‘Preparation <strong>of</strong> low loss optical fibers using simultaneous<br />
vapor phase deposition and fusion,’’ Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the International<br />
Congress on Glass (Vol. 6; American Ceramic Society, Cincinatti 1974, pp. 40–<br />
45).<br />
79. Lazay interview.<br />
80. David Hanna, interview, May 22, 1995.<br />
81. D. A. Payne and W. A. Gambling, ‘‘New silica-based low-loss optical fiber,’’<br />
Electronics Letters 10, pp. 289–290 (July 25, 1974).<br />
82. <strong>The</strong>y made fibers with loss under 5 decibels per kilometer by 1974 and<br />
eventually reached 2.5 decibels in the late 1970s, but the process was not adaptable<br />
to making graded-index fibers with high transmission capacity. J. R. Tillman,<br />
‘‘Research,’’ Post Office Electrical Engineer’s Journal 74, pp. 282–297 (Oct. 1981);<br />
Jim Ainslie and Clive Day, interviews, Dec. 1, 1994.<br />
83. Lucy telephone interview.<br />
84. D. L. Bisbee, ‘‘Optical fiber joining technique,’’ Bell System Technical Journal<br />
50, pp. 3153–3158 (Dec. 1971).<br />
85. R. B. Dyott, J. R. Stern, and J. H. Stewart, ‘‘Fusion junctions for glass-fiber<br />
waveguides,’’ Electronics Letters 8, No. 11, pp. 290–292 (June 1, 1972).<br />
86. Y. Kohranzadeh, ‘‘Hot splices <strong>of</strong> optical waveguide fibers,’’ Applied <strong>Optics</strong><br />
15, No. 3, pp. 793–795 (Mar. 1976); D. L. Bisbee, ‘‘Splicing silica fibers with an<br />
electric arc,’’ Applied <strong>Optics</strong> 15, No. 3, pp. 796–799 (Mar. 1976).<br />
87. Jack S. Cook, ‘‘Communication by optical fiber,’’ Scientific American 229,<br />
No. 5, pp. 28–35 (Nov. 1973).<br />
88. Tingye Li, ‘‘Advances in optical fiber transmission research,’’ Proceedings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Symposium on Optical and Acoustical Micro-electronics (Polytechnic Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> New York, 1974, pp. 97–108).<br />
89. Richard Smith, interview, June 11, 1997; Ira Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system<br />
development.’’<br />
90. Ira Jacobs, interview, Nov. 19, 1996.<br />
91. Ira Jacobs, ‘‘<strong>Light</strong>wave system development.’’<br />
92. Jacobs interview.<br />
93. E. F. O’Neill, ed., A History <strong>of</strong> Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Vol.<br />
7. Transmission Technology 1925–1975 (AT&T Bell Labs, New York, 1985; see<br />
pp. 665–668).<br />
94. Victor K. McElheny, ‘‘Bell testing a high-density phone system’’ New York<br />
Times, May 15, 1975, p. 86; in 1970 the target date was 1973.