City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

NOTES TO PAGES 123–129 301
pecially as he neared retirement. Managers not responsible for the fiber program
tended to be the most skeptical.
32. Charles Sandbank, interview, Dec. 6, 1994; this probably was the 1967
budget, but he was not certain.
33. Murray Ramsay, letter to author, Jan. 12, 1997.
34. He used the fiber work in his doctoral thesis. Hockham ran the antenna
group until he left STL at the end of 1974. George Hockham, interview, Dec. 6,
1994.
35. Richard Epworth, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.
36. K. C. Kao and Turner W. Davies, ‘‘Spectrophotometric studies of ultra low
loss optical glasses 1: single-beam method,’’ Journal of Scientific Instruments 1 (Journal
of Physics E), pp. 1063–1068 (Nov. 1968).
37. Kao, ‘‘Historical notes.’’
38. M. W. Jones and K. C. Kao, ‘‘Spectrophotometric studies of ultra low loss
optical glasses 2: double-beam method,’’ Journal of Scientific Instruments 2 (Journal
of Physics E), pp. 331–335 (Apr. 1969).
39. Murray Ramsay, interview, Dec. 2, 1994.
40. David Pearson, telephone interview, Feb. 16, 1996.
41. Robert C. Weast, ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 62nd ed.,
(CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1981) other sources say higher temperatures, up
to 2000�C.
42. Ramsay interview.
43. Klaus Loewenstein, technical director of Deeglass Fibres Ltd. in Camberley,
a small town west of London, suggested the idea to Dyott when he visited the
plant on Aug. 30, 1968.
44. Armand Lamesch, US Patent 2,313,296, ‘‘Fiber or filament of glass,’’ filed
Sept. 23, 1937, issued Mar. 9, 1943 (German patent filed Sept. 30, 1936).
45. Will Hicks, interview, Feb. 4, 1994.
46. Dyott telephone interviews, Jan. 23, 1995, and Feb. 2, 1996. He is not
sure if Roberts ever knew Newns used sugar.
47. Clive Day, interview, Dec. 1, 1994.
48. Pearson added William French and Eric Rawson from Murray Hill, and
Art Tynes and D. L. Bisbee from Crawford Hill.
49. Pearson telephone interview.
50. They made the measurements in different units, converted by author. A. R.
Tynes, A. David Pearson, and D. L. Bisbee, ‘‘Loss mechanisms and measurements
in clad glass fibers and bulk glass,’’ Journal of the Optical Society of America 61,
pp. 143–153 (Feb. 1971).
51. John Noble Wilford, ‘‘Soviet scientist reports successful trials in using laser
light beams for telephoning,’’ New York Times, Mar. 29, 1970, p. 53.
52. Kawakami, ‘‘The early days.’’
53. Teiji Uchida et al. ‘‘Optical characteristics of a light-focusing fiber guide
and its applications,’’ IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics QE-6, pp. 606–612 (Oct.
1970).
54. Ramsay letter. It was later upgraded and operated at 100 million bits per
second. Chown interview, Dec. 2, 1994.
55. Ramsay and Chown interviews, Dec. 2, 1994.
56. Ibid.
57. Kao, ‘‘Historical notes.’’
58. Sandbank interview, Dec. 6, 1994.