City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

288 NOTES TO PAGES 54–59
47. Lee DuBridge, who went on to become president of Caltech and President
Nixon’s science adviser, is quoted in Silverman, ‘‘The man with the invisible
light.’’
48. For more details on the Todd-AO affair, see Jeff Hecht, ‘‘The amazing optical
adventures of Todd-AO,’’ Optics & Photonics News, Oct. 1996.
49. Walter Siegmund, telephone interview, Apr. 7, 1994.
50. ‘‘Todd, Mike,’’ Current Biography 1955 (H. W. Wilson New York) pp. 608–
610), quoting John Chapman, Colliers, May 12, 1945.
51. Michael Todd, Jr., and Susan McCarthy Todd, A Valuable Property: The Life
Story of Michael Todd (Arbor House, New York, 1983, p. 244).
52. David A. Cook, A History of Narrative Film (Norton, New York, 1981,
p. 415).
53. Todd, Jr., and McCarthy Todd, A Valuable Property (p. 245).
54. O’Brien, Jr., interview, Feb. 4, 1994.
55. Ibid.
56. Walter Siegmund telephone interview, Jan. 5, 1994. W. Lewis Hyde also
recalls seeing a letter from van Heel to O’Brien, but O’Brien’s son doubts his father
received one.
57. Fluent in English, van Heel probably wrote the English abstract so
the words are his. A. C. S. van Heel, ‘‘Optische afbeelding zonder lenzen of Abfeeldingsspielgels,’’
De Ingenieur No. 24, June 12, 1953; other information based
on English translation by Bill Ornstein for American Optical, dated Feb. 23,
1954.
58. A plastic fiber with refractive index of 1.52 was coated with another plastic
having an index of 1.47 and painted with black lacquer to block light leakage
between fibers.
59. Van Heel lists Willem Brouwer, G. J. Beernink, and H. de Vries as the
people who performed the experiments.
60. A. C. S. van Heel, ‘‘A new method of transporting optical images without
aberrations,’’ Nature 173, p. 39 (Jan. 2, 1954).
61. Brouwer interview.
62. H. H. Hopkins, telephone interview, Mar. 1, 1994.
63. Kelvin Hopkins, interview, Dec. 3, 1994.
64. Hopkins credits Hugh Gainsborough of St. George’s Hospital in London
with asking the question; H. H. Hopkins, letter to the editor of Photonics Spectra,
Aug. 26, 1982 [unedited version given to me by L. Hyde; edited version appeared
in November 1982 Photonics Spectra].
65. A search of the major London papers failed to find any mention of Møller
Hansen in May or June 1951. Nikki Smith, letter to author, Oct. 14, 1995.
66. H. H. Hopkins, transcript of interview by Dr. Martin Gordon, New York
City, May 19, 1981, p. 1.
67. H. H. Hopkins, letter to Photonics Spectra.
68. Narinder S. Kapany, telephone interview, Feb. 13, 1996.
69. H. H. Hopkins telephone interview.
70. H. H. Hopkins and N. S. Kapany, ‘‘A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning,’’
Nature 173, pp. 39–41 (Jan. 2, 1954).
71. Willem Brouwer, note to author, Feb. 24, 1995.
72. Nature, letter to author, Apr. 1995.
73. H. H. Hopkins telephone interview.
74. van Heel, ‘‘Optische afbeelding.’’