City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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288 NOTES TO PAGES 54–59<br />
47. Lee DuBridge, who went on to become president <strong>of</strong> Caltech and President<br />
Nixon’s science adviser, is quoted in Silverman, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> man with the invisible<br />
light.’’<br />
48. For more details on the Todd-AO affair, see Jeff Hecht, ‘‘<strong>The</strong> amazing optical<br />
adventures <strong>of</strong> Todd-AO,’’ <strong>Optics</strong> & Photonics News, Oct. 1996.<br />
49. Walter Siegmund, telephone interview, Apr. 7, 1994.<br />
50. ‘‘Todd, Mike,’’ Current Biography 1955 (H. W. Wilson New York) pp. 608–<br />
610), quoting John Chapman, Colliers, May 12, 1945.<br />
51. Michael Todd, Jr., and Susan McCarthy Todd, A Valuable Property: <strong>The</strong> Life<br />
<strong>Story</strong> <strong>of</strong> Michael Todd (Arbor House, New York, 1983, p. 244).<br />
52. David A. Cook, A History <strong>of</strong> Narrative Film (Norton, New York, 1981,<br />
p. 415).<br />
53. Todd, Jr., and McCarthy Todd, A Valuable Property (p. 245).<br />
54. O’Brien, Jr., interview, Feb. 4, 1994.<br />
55. Ibid.<br />
56. Walter Siegmund telephone interview, Jan. 5, 1994. W. Lewis Hyde also<br />
recalls seeing a letter from van Heel to O’Brien, but O’Brien’s son doubts his father<br />
received one.<br />
57. Fluent in English, van Heel probably wrote the English abstract so<br />
the words are his. A. C. S. van Heel, ‘‘Optische afbeelding zonder lenzen <strong>of</strong> Abfeeldingsspielgels,’’<br />
De Ingenieur No. 24, June 12, 1953; other information based<br />
on English translation by Bill Ornstein for American Optical, dated Feb. 23,<br />
1954.<br />
58. A plastic fiber with refractive index <strong>of</strong> 1.52 was coated with another plastic<br />
having an index <strong>of</strong> 1.47 and painted with black lacquer to block light leakage<br />
between fibers.<br />
59. Van Heel lists Willem Brouwer, G. J. Beernink, and H. de Vries as the<br />
people who performed the experiments.<br />
60. A. C. S. van Heel, ‘‘A new method <strong>of</strong> transporting optical images without<br />
aberrations,’’ Nature 173, p. 39 (Jan. 2, 1954).<br />
61. Brouwer interview.<br />
62. H. H. Hopkins, telephone interview, Mar. 1, 1994.<br />
63. Kelvin Hopkins, interview, Dec. 3, 1994.<br />
64. Hopkins credits Hugh Gainsborough <strong>of</strong> St. George’s Hospital in London<br />
with asking the question; H. H. Hopkins, letter to the editor <strong>of</strong> Photonics Spectra,<br />
Aug. 26, 1982 [unedited version given to me by L. Hyde; edited version appeared<br />
in November 1982 Photonics Spectra].<br />
65. A search <strong>of</strong> the major London papers failed to find any mention <strong>of</strong> Møller<br />
Hansen in May or June 1951. Nikki Smith, letter to author, Oct. 14, 1995.<br />
66. H. H. Hopkins, transcript <strong>of</strong> interview by Dr. Martin Gordon, New York<br />
<strong>City</strong>, May 19, 1981, p. 1.<br />
67. H. H. Hopkins, letter to Photonics Spectra.<br />
68. Narinder S. Kapany, telephone interview, Feb. 13, 1996.<br />
69. H. H. Hopkins telephone interview.<br />
70. H. H. Hopkins and N. S. Kapany, ‘‘A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning,’’<br />
Nature 173, pp. 39–41 (Jan. 2, 1954).<br />
71. Willem Brouwer, note to author, Feb. 24, 1995.<br />
72. Nature, letter to author, Apr. 1995.<br />
73. H. H. Hopkins telephone interview.<br />
74. van Heel, ‘‘Optische afbeelding.’’