City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
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NOTES TO PAGES 39–44 285<br />
21. Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., Radio’s 100 Men <strong>of</strong> Science (Harper & Brothers Publishers,<br />
New York, 1944, pp. 269–272).<br />
22. James Hillier, telephone interview, May 19, 1994.<br />
23. Clarence W. Hansell, US Patent 1,751,584, ‘‘Picture transmission,’’ filed<br />
Aug. 13, 1927, issued Mar. 25, 1930.<br />
24. Hansell notebook dated Apr. 11, 1925–Sep. 12, 1930, Clarence Weston<br />
Hansell Collection, Special Collections Dept., State University <strong>of</strong> New York, Stony<br />
Brook.<br />
25. Daniel M. Costigan, Electronic Delivery <strong>of</strong> Documents and Graphics (Van Nostrand<br />
Reinhold, New York, 1978), p. 5.<br />
26. Howard Rosenthal, telephone interview, May 19, 1994.<br />
27. Patricia (Hansell), Sisler, telephone interview, Dec. 29, 1995.<br />
28. William P. Vogel, Jr., ‘‘Inventing is vision plus work,’’ Popular Science, Oct.<br />
1947, pp. 97–101.<br />
29. <strong>The</strong> physician was Adolf Kussmaul. Basil I. Hirschowitz, ‘‘Development<br />
and application <strong>of</strong> endoscopy,’’ Gastroenterology 104, pp. 337–342 (1993).<br />
30. Unnamed source, quoted in H. H. Hopkins, ‘‘<strong>Optics</strong> in clinical medicine,’’<br />
presidential address, physics and mathematics section, British Association meeting,<br />
Sept. 1977, typed manuscript.<br />
31. Audrey B. Davis, ‘‘Rudolf Schindler’s role in the development <strong>of</strong> gastroscopy,’’<br />
Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the History <strong>of</strong> Medicine 46, No. 2, pp. 150–170 (Mar.–Apr.<br />
1972).<br />
32. Hirschowitz, ‘‘Development.’’<br />
33. Sam Carter, MD, telephone interview, Sept. 9, 1994; he remembers taking<br />
a course from a Pr<strong>of</strong>. Rose who in the 1930s had a solid ‘‘bundle that looked like<br />
a garden house,’’ 8 to 10 feet long. ‘‘He put a light source at one end <strong>of</strong> it ...<br />
and by golly ...thelight would show up at the end <strong>of</strong> the bundle.’’<br />
34. Heinrich Lamm, ‘‘Biegsame optische Geräte’’ (Flexible optical instruments),<br />
Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenkunde 50, pp. 579–581 (1930), translated by Lamm<br />
many years later.<br />
35. Lamm, ‘‘Biegsame optische Geräte,’’ p. 580.<br />
36. <strong>The</strong> British patent was a duplicate <strong>of</strong> Hansell’s American patent; RCA<br />
assigned the British rights to the Marconi Company as part <strong>of</strong> a broader patent<br />
agreement. <strong>The</strong> British patent was issued before the American one. Clarence Weston<br />
Hansell, British Patent 295,601, ‘‘Improvements in or relating to means for<br />
transmitting radiant energy such as light and to apparatus for use therewith,’’<br />
filed Aug. 13, 1928, accepted Feb. 21, 1929 (US Patent 1,751,584, ‘‘Picture<br />
transmission,’’ filed Aug. 13, 1927, issued Mar. 25, 1930).<br />
37. Lamm, ‘‘Biegsame optische Geräte,’’ p. 581.<br />
38. Almost 30 years later, Schindler was in the audience at a small conference<br />
where the first successful gastroscope was described. He stood up after the talk,<br />
and recalled that Lamm had suggested the idea in 1928 or 1929. ‘‘We put bundles<br />
<strong>of</strong> glass fibers together, but we failed. ...<strong>The</strong>re was not yet any coating and, more<br />
important, we lacked the advice <strong>of</strong> physicists . . .’’ (Basil I. Hirschowitz et al, ‘‘Demonstration<br />
<strong>of</strong> a new gastroscope, the ‘fiberscope,’ ’’ Gastroenterology 35 pp. 50–53,<br />
July 1958, Schindler quoted in discussion section, p. 52). Unless Schindler had<br />
forgotten Gerlach’s help, that indicates Lamm worked with the physicist independently.<br />
Lamm may have turned to Gerlach after early experiments with Schindler<br />
failed. Schindler was quite busy with other activities at the time, including perfecting<br />
his own semi-rigid gastroscope and conducting the Physicians’ Orchestra