City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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A DEMONSTRATION FOR THE QUEEN 175 millimeter waveguides because none were ever installed in the global telephone network. 102 The technology sputtered to a stop barely a half-dozen years after Harold Barlow had proclaimed that ‘‘confidence in the ultimate success ...runs high.’’ 103 What Dyott had intended as a bold statement turned out to be too cautious. Fiber optics blew the millimeter waveguide away before it could carry a single phone call.
14 Three Generations in Five Years (1975–1983) Optical communications, for all its glamour, has already passed most of the hard tests of practical application. We know how to draw fibers of the unprecedented degree of transparency required. We know how to combine those fibers into cable. We know how to splice the cable. We have designed and built devices to generate and modulate optical signals. And we have designed and built repeaters to regenerate these signals. In short, we have designed and built a completely integrated optical transmission system. —John D. deButts, chairman, AT&T, October 17, 1975 1 It is now clear that optical fiber systems will win in the competition for performance and economy. ...Thefuture will always be constrained by the physical properties of materials and by the technological skills developed to overcome or make use of them. A step-wise move toward wavelengths of about 1.2 micrometers can be foreseen, limited largely by the development of efficient and reliable enough optical sending and receiving elements. The splicing problem may remain a significant barrier to the wide use of monomode fiber systems, but other barriers may be set by the terminal costs and overall network reliability costs as- 176
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
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3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
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THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
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viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
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x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
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xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for
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4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
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6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
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8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
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10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
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2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
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14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
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16 CITY OF LIGHT Special Effects fo
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18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
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Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
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Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
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24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
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26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
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3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
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30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
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32 CITY OF LIGHT made: ‘‘All th
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4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Tele
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36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
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38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
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40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
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42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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44 CITY OF LIGHT He hurried to the
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5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
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48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
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50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
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52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
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54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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56 CITY OF LIGHT little known outsi
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58 CITY OF LIGHT Hopkins knew he ne
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A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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62 CITY OF LIGHT school building eq
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64 CITY OF LIGHT dle, the longest y
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66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
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68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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70 CITY OF LIGHT ble—among other
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72 CITY OF LIGHT bundles into facep
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74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
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A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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78 CITY OF LIGHT phone, and asking
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80 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-1: Modula
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82 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-2: Alexan
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
Page 137 and 138: 124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
Page 139 and 140: 126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
Page 141 and 142: 128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
Page 143 and 144: 130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
Page 145 and 146: 132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
Page 147 and 148: 134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
Page 149 and 150: 136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
Page 151 and 152: 138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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Page 155 and 156: 142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
Page 157 and 158: 144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
Page 159 and 160: 146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
Page 161 and 162: 148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
Page 163 and 164: 150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
Page 165 and 166: 152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
Page 167 and 168: 154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
Page 169 and 170: 156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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Page 173 and 174: 13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
Page 175 and 176: 162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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Page 193 and 194: 180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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Page 207 and 208: 194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
Page 209 and 210: 196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
Page 211 and 212: 198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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Page 215 and 216: 202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
Page 217 and 218: 204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
Page 219 and 220: 206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
Page 221 and 222: 208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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Page 229 and 230: 16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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Page 233 and 234: 220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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Page 237 and 238: 224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
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282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
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284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
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286 NOTES TO PAGES 44-50 of Munich
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288 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59 47. Lee Du
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290 NOTES TO PAGES 65-70 18. Court
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292 NOTES TO PAGES 74-80 way taken
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294 NOTES TO PAGES 88-91 35. Antoni
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296 NOTES TO PAGES 95-99 on Lasers
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298 NOTES TO PAGES 103-110 Chapter
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300 NOTES TO PAGES 119-123 that pro
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302 NOTES TO PAGES 129-140 59. See
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304 NOTES TO PAGES 147-151 of atten
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306 NOTES TO PAGES 155-159 1970); p
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308 NOTES TO PAGES 163-166 broadcas
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310 NOTES TO PAGES 168-171 51. Reev
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312 NOTES TO PAGES 174-178 95. A. G
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314 NOTES TO PAGES 183-186 37. Keck
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316 NOTES TO PAGES 192-197 76. Inte
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318 NOTES TO PAGES 202-208 3. Arthu
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320 NOTES TO PAGES 213-220 54. Davi
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322 NOTES TO PAGES 223-229 Sandbank
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324 NOTES TO PAGES 236-242 29. Tom
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326 NOTES TO PAGES 246-253 31. Kazu
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330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 1
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332 INDEX Endoscopes 41-44, 51, 57-
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334 INDEX Index of refraction 24-26
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336 INDEX Møller Hansen, Holger 50
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338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (R
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340 INDEX ULE glass 133-134 Ulexite
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City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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