City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics

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The Sloan Technology Series vi Contents Preface to the Paperback Edition vii Preface ix 1 Introduction: Building a City of Light 3 2 Guiding Light and Luminous Fountains (1841–1890) 12 3 Fibers of Glass 28 4 The Quest for Remote Viewing: Television and the Legacy of Sword Swallowers (1895–1940) 34 5 A Critical Insight: The Birth of the Clad Optical Fiber (1950–1955) 46 6 99 Percent Perspiration: The Birth of an Industry (1954–1960) 60 7 A Vision of the Future: Communicating with Light (1880–1960) 76 8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission of New Ideas (1960–1969) 92 9 ‘‘The Only Thing Left Is Optical Fibers’’ (1960–1969) 103 10 Trying to Sell a Dream (1965–1970) 117 11 Breakthrough: The Clearest Glass in the World (1966–1972) 131 12 Recipes for Grains of Salt: The Semiconductor Laser (1962–1977) 147
xii CONTENTS 13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1970–1975) 160 14 Three Generations in Five Years (1975–1983) 176 15 Submarine Cables: Covering the Ocean Floor with Glass (1970–1995) 201 16 The Last Mile: An Elusive Vision 216 17 Reflections on the City of Light 227 18 Epilogue: The Boom, the Bubble, and the Bust 239 Appendix A. Dramatis Personae: Cast of Characters 257 Appendix B. A Fiber-Optic Chronology 265 Notes 279 Index 329 Photo gallery follows page 116
Page 1 and 2: City of Light: The Story of Fiber O
Page 3 and 4: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Su
Page 5 and 6: 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
Page 7 and 8: THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Technol
Page 9 and 10: viii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITI
Page 11: x PREFACE bright and beautiful idea
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Page 17 and 18: 4 CITY OF LIGHT reach across the wo
Page 19 and 20: 6 CITY OF LIGHT Laser Focus. It was
Page 21 and 22: 8 CITY OF LIGHT speech—300 to 300
Page 23 and 24: 10 CITY OF LIGHT patients’ throat
Page 25 and 26: 2 Guiding Light and Luminous Founta
Page 27 and 28: 14 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 2-1: Collad
Page 29 and 30: 16 CITY OF LIGHT Special Effects fo
Page 31 and 32: 18 CITY OF LIGHT the British exhibi
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-3: A mirror aimed light fr
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2-4: William Wheeler’s lig
Page 37 and 38: 24 CITY OF LIGHT Total Internal Ref
Page 39 and 40: 26 CITY OF LIGHT into glass bend in
Page 41 and 42: 3 Fibers of Glass I do not believe,
Page 43 and 44: 30 CITY OF LIGHT sington district o
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Page 47 and 48: 4 The Quest for Remote Viewing Tele
Page 49 and 50: 36 CITY OF LIGHT An Array of Light
Page 51 and 52: 38 CITY OF LIGHT He never got that
Page 53 and 54: 40 CITY OF LIGHT reading to a dista
Page 55 and 56: 42 CITY OF LIGHT Lamm decided a bun
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Page 59 and 60: 5 A Critical Insight The Birth of t
Page 61 and 62: 48 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 5-1: Total
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50 CITY OF LIGHT Corning Glass Work
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52 CITY OF LIGHT in 1925. He was a
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54 CITY OF LIGHT in single fibers.
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56 CITY OF LIGHT little known outsi
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58 CITY OF LIGHT Hopkins knew he ne
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A good 6 99 Percent Perspiration Th
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62 CITY OF LIGHT school building eq
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64 CITY OF LIGHT dle, the longest y
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66 CITY OF LIGHT some weeks later,
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68 CITY OF LIGHT A Problem with Ima
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70 CITY OF LIGHT ble—among other
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72 CITY OF LIGHT bundles into facep
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74 CITY OF LIGHT Some applications
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A t 7 A Vision of the Future Commun
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78 CITY OF LIGHT phone, and asking
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80 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-1: Modula
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82 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 7-2: Alexan
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84 CITY OF LIGHT Newfoundland, whil
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86 CITY OF LIGHT long distance. The
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88 CITY OF LIGHT ways to modulate a
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90 CITY OF LIGHT Fibers as Dielectr
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8 The Laser Stimulates the Emission
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94 CITY OF LIGHT Maiman used ruby b
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96 CITY OF LIGHT Waveguides for Lig
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98 CITY OF LIGHT the potential of c
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100 CITY OF LIGHT profits. Nor were
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102 CITY OF LIGHT could not carry i
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104 CITY OF LIGHT costs, particular
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106 CITY OF LIGHT that was promisin
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108 CITY OF LIGHT date the fiber gu
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110 CITY OF LIGHT combination of wo
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112 CITY OF LIGHT lindrical claddin
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114 CITY OF LIGHT that fiber-optic
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116 CITY OF LIGHT Table 9-1 What De
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118 CITY OF LIGHT devices making bu
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120 CITY OF LIGHT Military Support
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122 CITY OF LIGHT A Budgetary Windf
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124 CITY OF LIGHT It’s a big chal
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126 CITY OF LIGHT it made eminent s
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128 CITY OF LIGHT Japanese companie
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130 CITY OF LIGHT reviewed optical
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132 CITY OF LIGHT silica stared him
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134 CITY OF LIGHT Fused silica was
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136 CITY OF LIGHT University of Wat
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138 CITY OF LIGHT pulling about 160
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140 CITY OF LIGHT worry about compe
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142 CITY OF LIGHT The few other fib
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144 CITY OF LIGHT Maurer also lost
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146 CITY OF LIGHT these nice low lo
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148 CITY OF LIGHT transistor electr
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150 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-1: The
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152 CITY OF LIGHT much that the las
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154 CITY OF LIGHT Figure 12-2: The
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156 CITY OF LIGHT Nick Holonyak, Jr
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158 CITY OF LIGHT Downs and Ups at
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13 A Demonstration for the Queen (1
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162 CITY OF LIGHT Marsh saw the pro
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164 CITY OF LIGHT A pair of wires c
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166 CITY OF LIGHT proposed, Bell co
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168 CITY OF LIGHT link switching ce
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170 CITY OF LIGHT meetings—until
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172 CITY OF LIGHT variation, althou
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174 CITY OF LIGHT bels. 93 All syst
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14 Three Generations in Five Years
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178 CITY OF LIGHT modest increase i
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180 CITY OF LIGHT The Rise of Irvin
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182 CITY OF LIGHT British Field Tri
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184 CITY OF LIGHT On March 27 Horig
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186 CITY OF LIGHT millions of bits
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188 CITY OF LIGHT Opening the 1.3-m
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190 CITY OF LIGHT pack of beer. The
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192 CITY OF LIGHT The Chinese also
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194 CITY OF LIGHT but the infusion
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196 CITY OF LIGHT In January 1980,
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198 CITY OF LIGHT contracts for sin
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200 CITY OF LIGHT munications was a
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202 CITY OF LIGHT elements. A call
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204 CITY OF LIGHT between them, and
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206 CITY OF LIGHT 1978, when they b
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208 CITY OF LIGHT of fiber together
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210 CITY OF LIGHT bles, and the Fre
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212 CITY OF LIGHT reaching the wate
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214 CITY OF LIGHT microwave counter
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16 The Last Mile An Elusive Vision
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218 CITY OF LIGHT rebuilding to pro
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220 CITY OF LIGHT transmission dist
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222 CITY OF LIGHT puter that showed
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224 CITY OF LIGHT Aftermaths of Ear
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226 CITY OF LIGHT Although fibers w
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228 CITY OF LIGHT it was time for h
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230 CITY OF LIGHT was selling fiber
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232 CITY OF LIGHT part of Lucent Te
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234 CITY OF LIGHT miles. Racks of e
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236 CITY OF LIGHT Today’s Technol
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238 CITY OF LIGHT on the overhead c
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240 CITY OF LIGHT innovators were c
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242 CITY OF LIGHT The erbium amplif
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244 CITY OF LIGHT sent signals at f
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246 CITY OF LIGHT the same type of
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248 CITY OF LIGHT ments. Nor could
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250 CITY OF LIGHT passed 10,000 for
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252 CITY OF LIGHT space. Anyone who
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254 CITY OF LIGHT they didn’t nee
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256 CITY OF LIGHT Like the fiber bu
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258 CITY OF LIGHT Bergano, Neal: Be
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260 CITY OF LIGHT Holonyak, Nick, J
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262 CITY OF LIGHT Norton, Frederick
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264 CITY OF LIGHT proposal for fibe
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266 CITY OF LIGHT 1887: Charles Ver
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268 CITY OF LIGHT 1956: First trans
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270 CITY OF LIGHT abandon thin-film
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272 CITY OF LIGHT 1971-1972: Focus
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274 CITY OF LIGHT September 1978: F
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276 CITY OF LIGHT February 1993: Mo
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280 NOTES TO PAGES 13-17 6. Daniel
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282 NOTES TO PAGES 23-27 37. It was
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284 NOTES TO PAGES 35-39 4. H. C. S
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286 NOTES TO PAGES 44-50 of Munich
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288 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59 47. Lee Du
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290 NOTES TO PAGES 65-70 18. Court
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292 NOTES TO PAGES 74-80 way taken
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294 NOTES TO PAGES 88-91 35. Antoni
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296 NOTES TO PAGES 95-99 on Lasers
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298 NOTES TO PAGES 103-110 Chapter
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300 NOTES TO PAGES 119-123 that pro
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302 NOTES TO PAGES 129-140 59. See
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304 NOTES TO PAGES 147-151 of atten
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306 NOTES TO PAGES 155-159 1970); p
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308 NOTES TO PAGES 163-166 broadcas
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310 NOTES TO PAGES 168-171 51. Reev
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312 NOTES TO PAGES 174-178 95. A. G
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314 NOTES TO PAGES 183-186 37. Keck
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316 NOTES TO PAGES 192-197 76. Inte
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318 NOTES TO PAGES 202-208 3. Arthu
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320 NOTES TO PAGES 213-220 54. Davi
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322 NOTES TO PAGES 223-229 Sandbank
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324 NOTES TO PAGES 236-242 29. Tom
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326 NOTES TO PAGES 246-253 31. Kazu
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330 INDEX Barlow, Harold 86, 110, 1
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332 INDEX Endoscopes 41-44, 51, 57-
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334 INDEX Index of refraction 24-26
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336 INDEX Møller Hansen, Holger 50
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338 INDEX Rocky Point Laboratory (R
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340 INDEX ULE glass 133-134 Ulexite
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