TEchNOLOGy TRaNSFER MODEL - Javna agencija

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1 Technology Transfer Model to improve and intensify transfer activities. Similarly, the stakeholders of the transfer project are an integrated part of the model as they can significantly influence the transfer’s progress and outcome. 1.3.1 Definition and characteristics of Technology Transfer Before this chapter begins to deal with the subject of technology transfer, it seems to be useful to first of all systematize the different transfer forms and to define a technology transfer. As can be seen in figure 2, research transfer from one organization or individual to another may comprise transfer of data, information and knowledge as well as technology. In general, a DATA is an incoherent fact but contains potential to be interpreted. INFORMATION, however, consists of data which was categorized or classified by someone and already possesses context and structure. This structure generally allows for filing and locating the data. KNOWLEDGE, in turn, is composed of data and information and is always linked to an individual. It can only be developed through learning effects where previous experiences of the respective individual are integrated. Thus, machines are able to store data and information, but knowledge Figure 2: Systematization of transfer forms (Source: ISIS, 2009) can only be accumulated and stored by human beings. In theory and practice, the terms KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER and TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER are often used synonymical, but in line with this training they are clearly interpreted as self-contained terms: While TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER comprises the exchange of technological and technology-related knowledge between individuals and organizations, KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER refers to the exchange of any kind of knowledge which is aimed at enlarging the receivers’ knowledge base. Thus, transfer objects can differ, but not necessarily. However, KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER can be used as a generic term as this transfer form inevitably covers all areas of TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. A technology transfer typically has specific characteristics which may also have an influence on the transfer process. In the following figure, characteristics in regard to planning, the interaction of all involved, convertibility as well as uncertainty are presented briefly. Interaction of all involved • Individuals have a central role in the transfer process • They contribute to the transfer process’s success • A continuous interaction of all people involved is necessary for the transfer process and promotes the quality and extent of the transfer Modification • The demand for the knowledge transferred may change during the transfer process • A new demand for knowledge may develop during the transfer process • The technology provider, transfer facilitator and technology recipient need to remain flexible because of changes in technology Planning • Knowledge is not only transferred in one knowledge flow • Transfer of knowledge can be planned or unplanned • If knowledge is consciously transferred, the transfer has to be planned • There are a lot of unplanned transfers of knowledge within a company • The external technology transfer is a planned transfer Uncertainty • Three groups of technology uncertainty exist: technology novelty, technology complexity and technology tacitness • Technology novelty refers to the degree of prior experience implemented in technology • Technology complexity includes the level of interdependence between components in the respective technology, level of interdependence between the technology and elements external to it • Technology tacitness refers to the tacitness of the knowledge embodied in the technology and includes the degree to which the technology is physically embodied, codified, and complete Figure 3: Characteristics of Technology Transfer (According to: Singer, 2009) 5
KNOWLEDGE FOR BUSINESS IN BORDER REGIONS It should be noted that a technology transfer holds characteristics similar to those of a service innovation. In short, a service innovation can be understood as a novel ends-means combination which may occur on the potential level, process level or outcome level. The methods and concepts of the service provider can be considered as the means which fulfill the end of innovation. Since the customer is integrated in the service production process, he/she also recognizes the potential and process level of the provider and is therefore able to register and to appreciate the value of innovation. Figure 4 presents the typical characteristics of service innovations and points out the congruent characteristics with technology transfers. Figure 4: Congruent characteristics of service innovations and technology transfers (Source: Singer, 2009) 1.3.2 The Technology Transfer Process In general, a transfer process begins when a sender (e.g. a research institution) creates and codes a certain knowledge content (e.g. information, research results, technologies). This content is then transmitted through some transfer channel to the receiver (e.g. a company) who decodes and interprets the content according to his/her cultural background, values and reference systems. Finally, the knowledge adopter may return a signal to the provider, which confirms that the transmitted content has or has not been understood. In line with this module a technology transfer process consists of the transfer phases INITIATION, TRANSFER, ABSORPTION and INTE- GRATION and is accompanied by an initial PROLOGUE and a concluding EPILOGUE (see fig. 1). 1.4 Technology Transfer between science and industry Considering the escalation of technological competition, the shortening of product life cycles and the increase in the cost of modern research, an intensification of technology and knowledge transfer from research institutions, especially to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), is becoming increasingly important. In general, such collaboration with academic and non-academic research institutions can bear several advantages for companies: • Companies can focus on their core competences and the enforcement of their products in the competitive market. • There is no need for one’s own research infrastructure which is necessary for the development of new products and processes. This seems to be especially beneficial for SMEs, as they often face the problem of lacking in-house research infrastructure. High quality development requires the input of experts from different disciplines and from academia. • The pressure on companies to innovate at ever shorter intervals in order to survive in the international competition is increasing. The basis for this development and the ability to compete is largely provided by new scientific findings of academia. • The increasing importance of multi-disciplinary-based innovations requires a sourcing of a lack of know-how from research institutions. • Modern technology fields such as nanotechnology, optical technology, new production technologies, etc. are interdisciplinary and highly science-bound. Therefore they require close cooperation with research institutions. 1.4.1 Types of interaction between academic research institutions and companies Technology and knowledge transfer between academic research institutions and companies can take place in many different ways. Basically, three main types of interaction can be distinguished: transfer of human resources, transfer of research results and technology, and transfer of information. Figure 5 presents some possibilities of interaction and shows their prevalence according to a survey carried out by Schartinger et al. with Austrian universities and innovative firms. 6
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TEchNOLOGy TRaNSFER MODEL - Javna agencija

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