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ist die eines Ansprechens und Mitführens, das sich bis zum Hinreissen stei-<br />

gern kann.<br />

2) die Schicht, in welcher der Hörenden bei tieferem Eindringen in die Kom-<br />

position von diezer zu innerst ergriffen wird. Sie ist nicht aller Musik eigen,<br />

sondern nur Werken von einer gewissen Grösse und Tiefe. Diese Schicht<br />

wühlt die Seele auf, ist offenbarend und verkündigend, holt aus der dunklen<br />

Ich-Tiefe des Hörenden Verborgenes herauf. In den Bahnen dieser Schicht<br />

bewegt sich fast die ganze ernste Musik. Sie ist ausserordentlich differenziert<br />

und hoch individualisiert.<br />

3) die Schicht der letzten Dinge, man kann auch sagen, die metaphysische, in<br />

der Art, wie Schopenhauer ein Erscheinen des Weltwillens meinte, es braucht<br />

nicht das zu sein, wohl aber wird es stets den Charakter einer Fühlung mit<br />

dunkel geahnten, schicksalhaften Mächten haben. Diese Schicht ist nur selten<br />

wirklich aufweisbar.<br />

The third and last inner stratum of the musical work, despite its rareness, is<br />

easy to discern, and is prominent in religious music. Here it is not dogmatic reve-<br />

lation but that of the human soul and has the character of the metaphysical.<br />

Moreover, even secular music, says Hartmann, manifests the same phenomenon<br />

of the third inner stratum: symphonies, quartets, sonatas, baroque concertos, and<br />

specifically Bach’s preludes and fugues.<br />

It should be noted also that Hartmann considers greatness (Grösse) to apply<br />

even to miniature pieces (äusserlich kleinen Werken); by greatness is here meant<br />

”innere Grösse” (one thinks e. g. of François Couperin).<br />

Also, according to Hartmann, the greater and richer the tonal structure, the<br />

more the emotional element (Seelisches) can make its appearance. They are in<br />

error who think they can skip over the structural in a tonal work; who are<br />

content to experience only a ”leichtes Mitschwingen”. There are, of course, com-<br />

posers who ”leichtansprechende Stücke schaffen, welche keinen grösseren An-<br />

spruch an das musikalische Verstehen stellen” (p. 207). Such music attracts many<br />

people who seek relaxation and amusement. Although this type of music has its<br />

justification, one looks in vain for any greater emotional content.<br />

Hartmann turns next to the problem of program music. He understands this<br />

concept in the wide sense-including the art song, song for chorus, and opera.<br />

There is something special about music in that it is able-as a ”second art”-to<br />

serve a ”first”, namely poetry. ”Second art” here means dependent; in many<br />

cases interpreting, serving, illustrating. The relationship of music to poetry is<br />

quite different from that of the art of theater to the latter: ”Die Musik bringt<br />

nicht den Inhalt zur ’Darstellung’, sie stellt auch gar nicht dar-darin kann sie<br />

es der Dichtung nicht gleich tun-, sondern leiht nur ihr Vermögen, reine Ge-<br />

fühlstöne ’erklingen’ zu lassen, weil die Dichtkunst als blosse Wortkunst das nicht<br />

kann.” (P. 207.)<br />

But the main question is: how can music take up and present such a special<br />

content as human life, which by no means comprises only emotions, but even<br />

persons, happenings, destinies, conflicts, etc.? We can appreciate and consider<br />

valid a musical program knowing the title beforehand. But it would not be<br />

expected that we could tell about the program of a piece which we heard not<br />

knowing the title. We would probably just guess at related programs-reIated<br />

in the sense of having the same emotional tone (Gefühlston), which is quite<br />

general. Thus music cannot really present the content of a program but can only<br />

say what is sayable in tone. This ”Gefühlston”, however, can be more adequately<br />

expressed by music than by poetry. Thus the possibility of the lied. In the text<br />

of the art song, i. e. lyric poetry, the main thing is the mood and emotions.<br />

Music can grasp and express these, and there is a great deal of freedom in the<br />

choice of musical motives. When Loewe and Schubert each compose a lied to<br />

the text of Goethe, they choose different musical themes which each underline<br />

a different aspect of the poem.<br />

Hartmann thinks there is a questionable principle inherent in dramatic music,<br />

in opera. Here where so many elements come together, there is a danger to the<br />

unity of poetry and music. On the stage the dramatic element is of primary im-<br />

portance. But music has the tendency to draw the happening which it accom-<br />

panies into the lyrical, and this is hardly compatible with action and dramatic<br />

dialogue. Hartmann discusses problems of the older Italian opera, the opera reform<br />

of the eighteenth century, and the Wagnerian leitmotif technique. The problem<br />

is always a conflict between the dramatic and the musical. Are there cases where<br />

the text in diction and rhythm really meets the demands of the music? Hartmann<br />

believes so; in Hugo Wolf and Brahms, for example-but this is not the rule.<br />

Hartmann includes a section on the performing artist, his role and ideal. For<br />

the right musical effect two conditions must be met: the artist must technically<br />

master his instrument (including the voice) and he must be congenial with the com-<br />

poser. There are, accordingly, two types of performing artists: ”auf der einen<br />

Seite steht im Extrem der geschulte Musiker, der die technische Beherrschung<br />

hat, aber das Innere schuldig bleibt, weil er die Tiefe nicht hat, es selbst zu<br />

empfinden; meist ist es so, dass er in seinen Darbietungen schon daraufhin die<br />

Auswahl trifft: Konzertstücke, mit denen er glänzen kann. Auf der anderen Seite<br />

steht im Extrem der Dilettant, der die Musikalität hat, tieferen seelischen Gehalt<br />

herauszuhören, aber nicht die Technik beherrscht, ihn erklingen zu lassen.” (P.<br />

210.) Only in rare cases, Hartmann believes, is technique matched with musical<br />

maturity.<br />

I will conclude this exposition with a few words about Hartmann’s genera of<br />

the beautiful. The most important of these are: the sublime (das Erhabene), the<br />

gracious (das Anmutige), and the comical (das Komische). The sublime is mani-<br />

fested in: the great (das Grosse, Grossartige), the serious (das Ernste), the solemn<br />

(das Feierliche), the profound (das Tiefsinnige), the monumental and the tragic,<br />

etc. I would consider this aesthetic quality to be expressed in a great deal of<br />

the music of the Barque era, but even in Mozart’s Magic flute-act two, scene one,<br />

”The march of the priests” and ”O Isis und Osiris”. Here the aspect of the solemn<br />

is prominent. Indeed, this quality is present in music from all periods.<br />

Related to ”das Anmutige” are the following qualities: the charming, attractive<br />

(das Reizende), the amiable (das Liebenswürdige), and the graceful and elegant

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