Application 124771 - Ministry of Fisheries

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CAWTHRON INSTITUTE | REPORT NO. 2134 MAY 2012 placed over similar substrata, the effects to the environment are likely to be similar to those observed in this assessment. All of the 32 mussel farm sites assessed in this study (Appendices 7-39) had been placed away from significant inshore reef and other sensitive habitats, and were mainly over muddy substrata. Consequently, effects to the benthic environment were restricted to changes in infauna and epifauna abundances related to mussel drop-off and mild enrichment from farm biodeposits. Conclusions: 1. Our assessment of the environment beneath reference farm sites in the Coromandel found differences in the physical and biological characteristics of benthos when compared to control sites. Effects included minor enrichment and increased diversity of epibiota, and were equivalent to those observed beneath mussel farms elsewhere in New Zealand. 2. Farm-related effects of mild enrichment and increased abundances of infauna and epibiota were attributable to mussel drop-off and other farm-related deposition that are not necessarily negative and would be reversible over time. The depositional effects did not extend to any reef or significant inshore rocky habitat at any of the 32 mussel farm sites. 3. The top 10 m of the water column had the greatest variability in salinity and temperature across both reference farm and control sites, but no consistent patterns or differences were observed in chl–a. Reference farm sites were generally found to be less turbid than control sites below a depth of 7 m, which could be attributed to filtration of the water column by mussels. Wider-scale and longer-term monitoring and validated models will be necessary to provide a greater understanding of the contribution of aquaculture to water column properties in the Coromandel region. 29
MAY 2012 REPORT NO. 2134 | CAWTHRON INSTITUTE 7. REFERENCES 30 Coffey BT 2001. Coromandel Mussel Farmers Association marine farm at the mouth of Coromandel Harbour: Biological aspects of an assessment of environmental effects. Report prepared for Coromandel Marine Farmers’ Association. OoS:BAEE: CMFA / MFP 364. 26p. Cole RG, Grange KR 1996. Under the mussel farm. Seafood New Zealand November: 25-26. Giles H, Pilditch C, Bell DG 2006. Sedimentation from mussel (Perna canaliculus) culture in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand: Impacts on sediment oxygen and nutrient fluxes. Aquaculture 261:125-140. Hartstein ND, Stevens CL 2005. Deposition beneath long-line mussel farms. Aquaculture Engineering 33:192-213. Hatcher A, Grant J, Schofield B 1994. Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 115:219-235. Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ, Ross AH. 2000. An overview of factors affecting the carrying capacity of coastal embayments for mussel culture. Prepared for the Ministry of the Environment. NIWA Client Report: CHC00/69. 38p. Kaspar HF, Gillespie, PA, Boyer IC, MacKenzie AL. 1985. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Marine Biology 85:127-136. Keeley N, Forrest B, Hopkins G, Gillespie P, Clement D, Webb S, Knight B, Gardner J 2010. Review of the Ecological Effects of Farming Shellfish and Other Nonfinfish Species in New Zealand. Prepared for the Ministry of Fisheries. Cawthron Report No. 1476. 144 p. plus appendices. Keeley N, MacLeod C, Forrest B 2012. Combining best professional judgement and quantile regression splines to improve characterisation of macrofaunal responses to enrichment. Ecological Indicators 12:154-166. Mattsson J, Lindén O 1983. Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long-lines. Sarsia 68:97-102. Morrisey DJ, Gibbs MM, Pickmere SE, Cole RG 2000. Predicting impacts and recovery of marine-farm sites in Stewart Island, New Zealand, from the Findlay-Watling model. Aquaculture 185:257-271. Plew DR, Stevens CL, Spigel RH, Hartstein ND 2005. Hydrodynamic implications of large offshore mussel farms. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 30:95-108. Plew DR 2011. Depth-Averaged Drag Coefficient for Modeling Flow through Suspended Canopies. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce 137:234-247.
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