manual for social impact assessment of land-based ... - Forest Trends
manual for social impact assessment of land-based ... - Forest Trends manual for social impact assessment of land-based ... - Forest Trends
PROJECT: Nhambita Community Carbon Project TYPE: REDD and Agroforestry COUNTRY: Mozambique Observed direct outcomes: • Household incomes supplemented with annual cash payments • New income through monthly wages for people employed in micro enterprises • Community trust fund endowed with annual payments • Improved educational infrastructure (new school and health center built) • Local institutions strengthened and expanded • Human capital strengthened through training • Increase in timber stocks and availability of building supplies, and firewood • Increased workload for women Observed indirect outcomes: • Carbon income used to pay for home improvement, food, clothing, books, school supplies, agricultural investments, and durable goods • Reduced demand for seasonal wage labor due to a reduction in the area dedicated to agricultural crops Source: Jindal 2010. Towards a Typology of Social Change Processes, Outcomes, and Impacts Social (or livelihood) outcomes and impacts—both positive and negative—are the result of dynamic processes involving multiple variables, factors, and circumstances. Some outcomes are the direct (or primary) results of project interventions, whereas others are the indirect result from other outcomes. The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) demonstrates that social outcomes can be understood as a principal input or building block of longer-term livelihood impacts. Outcomes beget other changes and alter dynamic processes that in turn affect other outcomes and impacts. While the complexity of these relationships is fully acknowledged, we attempt here to demonstrate some of these relationships through simplified diagrams. This section depicts the possible relationships between social outcomes, impacts, with emphasis on the influencing factor of social change processes. Accordingly, the social outcomes of land-based carbon projects presented in the following tables are categorized by the livelihood capital type that they represent or affect. In the case of the social impacts (Table T25), the livelihood capital type is not specified given that impacts represent or affect several different capital types and this combination of capitals varies depending on local circumstances. In the checklists, each type of land-based carbon project (e.g. REDD by means of strict protection) has many potential outcomes. However it is not considered probable that all of the “potential” outcomes listed here will occur simultaneously in the same project. Moreover, outcomes vary depending upon when they take place (short to mid-term) as do impacts (mid-term to longer term). The outcomes and impacts listed below should be understood as possible results for the corresponding project type, as Social Impact Assessment of Land-Based Carbon Projects (1.0) – Part II | 93
their occurrence will depend in large part on specific project design, local context, and other governance and policy factors. This explains why there are sometimes contradictory or contrary ‘potential’ outcomes listed for the same type of project. For example, it is possible that given the common social demands expressed by poor local communities, a project will directly finance or provide the community with funds necessary for the construction, expansion, or improvement of a community health clinic, thus leading to a positive impact. However, it is possible that the project or community may not prioritize or finance this kind of social investment. The possible social outcomes and impacts by land-based carbon project type are presented in Tables T25 and T26. These checklists are meant to offer examples of possible social outcomes and impacts, and thus they are not definitive or exhaustive compilations of what may occur as the result of carbon projects. In each case, the tables indicate whether the social outcome/impact is positive or negative and whether it is a direct or indirect result of the project. The kinds of dynamic interaction that can occur between project outcomes and impacts, and the role of social change processes, are illustrated in Figures T20 to T23. Social Impact Assessment of Land-Based Carbon Projects (1.0) – Part II | 94
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their occurrence will depend in large part on specific project design, local context, and other governance<br />
and policy factors. This explains why there are sometimes contradictory or contrary ‘potential’<br />
outcomes listed <strong>for</strong> the same type <strong>of</strong> project.<br />
For example, it is possible that given the common <strong>social</strong> demands expressed by poor local communities,<br />
a project will directly finance or provide the community with funds necessary <strong>for</strong> the construction,<br />
expansion, or improvement <strong>of</strong> a community health clinic, thus leading to a positive <strong>impact</strong>. However, it<br />
is possible that the project or community may not prioritize or finance this kind <strong>of</strong> <strong>social</strong> investment.<br />
The possible <strong>social</strong> outcomes and <strong>impact</strong>s by <strong>land</strong>-<strong>based</strong> carbon project type are presented in Tables<br />
T25 and T26. These checklists are meant to <strong>of</strong>fer examples <strong>of</strong> possible <strong>social</strong> outcomes and <strong>impact</strong>s, and<br />
thus they are not definitive or exhaustive compilations <strong>of</strong> what may occur as the result <strong>of</strong> carbon<br />
projects. In each case, the tables indicate whether the <strong>social</strong> outcome/<strong>impact</strong> is positive or negative and<br />
whether it is a direct or indirect result <strong>of</strong> the project. The kinds <strong>of</strong> dynamic interaction that can occur<br />
between project outcomes and <strong>impact</strong>s, and the role <strong>of</strong> <strong>social</strong> change processes, are illustrated in<br />
Figures T20 to T23.<br />
Social Impact Assessment <strong>of</strong> Land-Based Carbon Projects (1.0) – Part II | 94
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