3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives

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Fischer, Louis. The Essential Gandhi : His Life. Work. and Ideas . New York : Vintage, 1962 . Fogelson, Robert M. Violence as Protest : A Study of Riots and Ghettos. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday and Co ., Inc ., 1971 . Foner, Phillip S., ed . The Black PantherSts. 2d . ed . New York: Da Capo Press, 1995 . ed . The Life and Writings of Frederick Doug . Vol . S . New York : International Publishers, 1975 . Forman, James . The Makin¢ of Black Revolutionaries . New York : The MacMillan Co., 1972 . Gallon, David, ed . Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992 . Gandhi, Mohandas K. The Storv off 1~y~periments with Truth . 2d . ed . Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1940 . Garrow, David J . teethe Cross: Martin Luther Kin¢. Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York : William Morrow and Co ., Inc ., 1986 . Martin Luther King. Jr . : Civil Rights Leader. Theologian . Orator. Brooklyn, NY : Carlson Pub., 1989 . . Protest at Selma: Martin Luther Kin¢~Jr. and_ the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . New Haven : Yale University Press, 1978 . ed . St . Au¢uatine~Florida: 1963-1964: Mass Protest and Racial Violence . Brooklyn : Carlson Pub., 1989. Gilbert, Peter, ed . The Selected Writings of John Edward Bruce : Militant Black Journalist . New York : Arno Press, 1971 . Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X 2d. ed . Utbana : University of Dlinois Pt+ess, 1979. Gramsci, Antonio . Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. Quintin Hoare and Geofft+ey Nowell Smith . New York: International Publishers, 1971 . 232
Grant, Joanne . Hlack Pnxsst : Iistory. Documents. and Analysis : 1629 to the Present . New York : Fawcett Premier, 1968. Greenlee, Sam. The Spook Who Sat by the Door. New York, Richard Heron Hooks, 1969; reprint, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990 . Gregg, Richard. The Power of Nonviolence . London : George Routledge, 1938 ; reprint, Nyack, N.Y . : Fellowship Publications, 1959 . Gregory, Dick . The Shadow That Scares Me . Garden City, N.Y . : Doubleday & Co., Inc ., l%8. Heroes, Herbert . Hlack Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream . 1954-1970. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press, 1988 . Halbrook, Stephen B. That EveryMan Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Bjlihi . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1984. Hampton, Henry and Steve Fayer with Sarah Flynn. Voices of Freedom : An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through t_h~ ~git(1~ . New York : Bantam Hooks, 1990. Hanigan, James P . ~!Iartin Luther Kind. Jr. and the Foundations of Nonviolence. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1984. Hams, Paul . Black Race Confronts the Law. New York : New York University Press, L997 . Hastings, Max. The Fire This Time : America's Year of Crisis . New York : Taplinger Publishing Co ., l%9. Hilliard, David and Lewes Cole. This Side ofGlorv The Autobiogr~y of David Hilliard and the Storv of the Black Panther Partv . Boston : Back Bay Baoks, 1993 . Rough, Joseph C., Jr. Black Power and White Protestants : A Christian Response to the New Negro Pluralism . London : Oxford University Press, l%8. James, C.L.R ., et . al . Fig~~Racism in World WarQ. New York: Pathfinder, 1980. Karenga, Ron. The Quotable Karens+.a. Los Angeles : US Organization, 1%7. Katope, Christopher George. The Rhetoric of Revolution . New York : Macmillan, 1970. 233
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CCVII. RIGHTS & SELF-DEFENSE : THE
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Civil Rights and Self-Defense : The
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It was not until the 1950's and 196
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ights movement, including : redempt
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unnoticed, unbeknownst, or simply i
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nonviolence . It is not a complete
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happen, and the time for defense is
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during this period currently lie do
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what is right, but Iam not sure how
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could be argued that King's middle-
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people customarily initiated it . F
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"The Other Cheek" : ReUn9ubhing Sel
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expressed an urge to "give as good
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professionals and faculty members f
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But while King defused the volatile
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(FOR), and William Worthy, a black
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practicability of his position: '~4
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Additionally, Bayard Rustin reporte
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the power structure."~ In other wor
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available to the Negro in his strug
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(toughmindedness) and love (tenderh
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compelling arguments for the moral
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and faggot. For example, in 1889, J
Page 47 and 48:
His first impulse when threatened w
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aggravate ; that is, his politics o
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quantitative change in our lives."
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'~P~opk With StrenSth": Questioning
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united behind him:'s Comparing his
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paratroopers from the 101" Airborne
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Williams respected what he called "
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NAACP had always appealed, he scour
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Montgomery was buried without incid
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motorcade with gunfiro when the car
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slavery and oppression . Tire Negro
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S-6 . at the heart of his nonviolen
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act : anyone who would utilize nonv
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folkways . Because they believed th
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the South, found themselves spearhe
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Brown ." sa That same month, Willia
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pumping hundrr~ds of thousands of d
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making better men either of themsel
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He likened racism to a disease, a m
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escalated . Rioting broke out. Then
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Williams' ideas came to fruition in
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When juxtaposed with the ideas of M
Page 91 and 92:
But if Willisms "made just as much
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Whatever his place in prevailing hi
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thinking merit special attention by
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The women propared food, and served
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candidate for county representative
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tide of nonviolent diroct action ;
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the sheriff again and told him that
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characterized by hatred or meanness
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terms of "`violence' versus `nonvio
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than as separate entities, seenKd q
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The best descriptor of Malcolm X wa
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qualities in themselves. Finally, a
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someone is treating you in a crimin
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"You can't take a black man who is
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attacked . Now, fve never been the
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have, he wondered, to stop the loca
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precluded him from being involved.
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Malcolm "proved" his detractors to
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Malcolm reveled in ambivalence, and
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While his views on integration, whi
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He summed up his speoch by doclarin
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journalist, labeled them "the South
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shifted from Jonesbom to 8ogalusa,
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cost. The struggle for black equali
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point, the Deacons had ban quietly
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Under the aegis of their charter an
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them ; they were attuned to the law
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the head, causing a gash . Leneva T
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One thing is apparent in this year
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mistake" ; the presence of the Deac
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done:' Sims said, "we walked like m
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he waa killedj, but I believe he wa
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Events picked up across the border
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they were bound to precipitate a ca
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goals of the movement. A year later
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Sellers noted that while King was f
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things," he said. "Everybody want t
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the group . For example, an intervi
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"Understand, the Deacons don't repl
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quest for black equality, and chang
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self-defense denotation from the of
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Lowndes County lies in the heart of
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"take over the courthouse" with sub
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On Monday, November 7,1966, the nig
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do anything violent ."~s But as the
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To Carmichael, the Deacons for Defe
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their perception in the media, and
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considered the Panthers "a living t
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legislator from Piedmont, specifica
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Seale, the police were the enforcem
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They also displayed a propensity to
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Newton viewed violence as not simpl
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Williams, a Panther. "We'd read Nat
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Newton, Seale, and Cleaver had all
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Simultaneously, they shouldered the
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The Deacons for Defense and Justice
Page 203 and 204: "The army turned on itself . . . Th
Page 205 and 206: defense. He believed that no ruling
Page 207 and 208: formulating their own . Coincidenta
Page 209 and 210: exposed the actions of some policem
Page 211 and 212: think in terms of armed conflict."~
Page 213 and 214: and his band waylaid the Cleveland
Page 215 and 216: Epilog : TIK Only Tis+sd T1Ky Was "
Page 217 and 218: action did so through a redefinitio
Page 219 and 220: with police personnel who were ofte
Page 221 and 222: lacks in West Feliciana Parish, Lou
Page 223 and 224: evolutionary war in tenors of self-
Page 225 and 226: everywhere a person goes, even insi
Page 227 and 228: epresented a quantum leap in the ab
Page 229 and 230: people carried themselves in public
Page 231 and 232: There can be an exaggerated distast
Page 233 and 234: demand. It never did and it never w
Page 235 and 236: "anti-American diatribes of the ran
Page 237 and 238: allowed both RAM and the RNA to use
Page 239 and 240: United States was having." s~ Exasp
Page 241 and 242: hammering home the notions of self-
Page 243 and 244: to you, that did more good than non
Page 245 and 246: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ~~un~~r~ws a~
Page 247 and 248: W"C~"Y//iO~ ~JYL7///~O{i California
Page 249 and 250: Knight, Jack C. "Reckoning with Vio
Page 251 and 252: Belknap, Michael R. Feral Law and S
Page 253: Crcnshaw, Kimberlie. Critical Race
Page 257 and 258: McCord, William, John Howard, Berna
Page 259 and 260: Reddick, Lawt+ence D. Crusader With
Page 261 and 262: Wilkins, Roy and Ramsey Clark . Sea
Page 263: The Road from Mont~p~. WCBS-TV. New
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3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives

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