3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives

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weaponry courses for child~+en~ Even religion : figures subscribed to a jaundiced philosophy of self-defense . Father James Groppi, a black priest and youth advisor in Milwauka, declared in $ magazine : "I believe, with Malcolm X, in the absolute necessity of self-defense. I believe in what ycw might call the `right to brick."'~ Self- defense, in 1968, offered a license to "burn the mother down," or rebel openly. x,122-23 . 9s ]~, 225 . 192
Epilog : TIK Only Tis+sd T1Ky Was "(TJM only end ~ wa, wa lieda~q in .' -~ qua, ~~ Self-defense, in relation to black history and black thought, underwent a transformation during the period 1955-l%8 . In conjunction with a heightened interest in the possibilities of nonviolence, the period in question delineated the re-establishment of self-defense as an operating principle in the souls of twentieth-century black folk . In a relatively short time, nonviolent direct action gained favor as the preferred method of protest by black activists during 1955-56 . It also became sacrosanct within civil rights circles as a morally righteous demonstration of faith in humanity ; however, resistance to nonviolence concurnently grew from 1957 to 1%2. In the next two years, 1%3-64, Malcolm X launched a frontal assault on the nonviolent ideal that led many to question openly its sacrosanct nature . In the following two years, 1%5-66, the practical virtues of self-defense became apparent with the actions of the Deacons for Defense and Justice ; however, by 1968, other nationalist groups such as the Black Panthers had clambered along the slippery slope between justifiable self-defense and naked aggression, and fomented the politicization of self-defense . Intensified by the two-steps-forward, one- step-back progress of civil rights agitation, the frustration of battered activists, and the emotional energy of Black Power, self-defense became even more imperative in the quest for black equality during this period . U it became more central to the black freedom struggle at this time, then it also strayed from conventional notions of what self-defense 193
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CCVII. RIGHTS & SELF-DEFENSE : THE
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Civil Rights and Self-Defense : The
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It was not until the 1950's and 196
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ights movement, including : redempt
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unnoticed, unbeknownst, or simply i
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nonviolence . It is not a complete
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happen, and the time for defense is
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during this period currently lie do
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what is right, but Iam not sure how
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could be argued that King's middle-
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people customarily initiated it . F
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"The Other Cheek" : ReUn9ubhing Sel
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expressed an urge to "give as good
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professionals and faculty members f
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But while King defused the volatile
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(FOR), and William Worthy, a black
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practicability of his position: '~4
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Additionally, Bayard Rustin reporte
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the power structure."~ In other wor
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available to the Negro in his strug
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(toughmindedness) and love (tenderh
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compelling arguments for the moral
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and faggot. For example, in 1889, J
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His first impulse when threatened w
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aggravate ; that is, his politics o
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quantitative change in our lives."
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'~P~opk With StrenSth": Questioning
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united behind him:'s Comparing his
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paratroopers from the 101" Airborne
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Williams respected what he called "
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NAACP had always appealed, he scour
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Montgomery was buried without incid
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motorcade with gunfiro when the car
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slavery and oppression . Tire Negro
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S-6 . at the heart of his nonviolen
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act : anyone who would utilize nonv
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folkways . Because they believed th
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the South, found themselves spearhe
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Brown ." sa That same month, Willia
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pumping hundrr~ds of thousands of d
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making better men either of themsel
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He likened racism to a disease, a m
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escalated . Rioting broke out. Then
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Williams' ideas came to fruition in
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When juxtaposed with the ideas of M
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But if Willisms "made just as much
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Whatever his place in prevailing hi
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thinking merit special attention by
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The women propared food, and served
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candidate for county representative
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tide of nonviolent diroct action ;
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the sheriff again and told him that
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characterized by hatred or meanness
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terms of "`violence' versus `nonvio
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than as separate entities, seenKd q
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The best descriptor of Malcolm X wa
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qualities in themselves. Finally, a
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someone is treating you in a crimin
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"You can't take a black man who is
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attacked . Now, fve never been the
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have, he wondered, to stop the loca
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precluded him from being involved.
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Malcolm "proved" his detractors to
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Malcolm reveled in ambivalence, and
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While his views on integration, whi
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He summed up his speoch by doclarin
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journalist, labeled them "the South
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shifted from Jonesbom to 8ogalusa,
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cost. The struggle for black equali
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point, the Deacons had ban quietly
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Under the aegis of their charter an
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them ; they were attuned to the law
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the head, causing a gash . Leneva T
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One thing is apparent in this year
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mistake" ; the presence of the Deac
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done:' Sims said, "we walked like m
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he waa killedj, but I believe he wa
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Events picked up across the border
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they were bound to precipitate a ca
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goals of the movement. A year later
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Sellers noted that while King was f
Page 163 and 164: things," he said. "Everybody want t
Page 165 and 166: the group . For example, an intervi
Page 167 and 168: "Understand, the Deacons don't repl
Page 169 and 170: quest for black equality, and chang
Page 171 and 172: self-defense denotation from the of
Page 173 and 174: Lowndes County lies in the heart of
Page 175 and 176: "take over the courthouse" with sub
Page 177 and 178: On Monday, November 7,1966, the nig
Page 179 and 180: do anything violent ."~s But as the
Page 181 and 182: To Carmichael, the Deacons for Defe
Page 183 and 184: their perception in the media, and
Page 185 and 186: considered the Panthers "a living t
Page 187 and 188: legislator from Piedmont, specifica
Page 189 and 190: Seale, the police were the enforcem
Page 191 and 192: They also displayed a propensity to
Page 193 and 194: Newton viewed violence as not simpl
Page 195 and 196: Williams, a Panther. "We'd read Nat
Page 197 and 198: Newton, Seale, and Cleaver had all
Page 199 and 200: Simultaneously, they shouldered the
Page 201 and 202: The Deacons for Defense and Justice
Page 203 and 204: "The army turned on itself . . . Th
Page 205 and 206: defense. He believed that no ruling
Page 207 and 208: formulating their own . Coincidenta
Page 209 and 210: exposed the actions of some policem
Page 211 and 212: think in terms of armed conflict."~
Page 213: and his band waylaid the Cleveland
Page 217 and 218: action did so through a redefinitio
Page 219 and 220: with police personnel who were ofte
Page 221 and 222: lacks in West Feliciana Parish, Lou
Page 223 and 224: evolutionary war in tenors of self-
Page 225 and 226: everywhere a person goes, even insi
Page 227 and 228: epresented a quantum leap in the ab
Page 229 and 230: people carried themselves in public
Page 231 and 232: There can be an exaggerated distast
Page 233 and 234: demand. It never did and it never w
Page 235 and 236: "anti-American diatribes of the ran
Page 237 and 238: allowed both RAM and the RNA to use
Page 239 and 240: United States was having." s~ Exasp
Page 241 and 242: hammering home the notions of self-
Page 243 and 244: to you, that did more good than non
Page 245 and 246: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ~~un~~r~ws a~
Page 247 and 248: W"C~"Y//iO~ ~JYL7///~O{i California
Page 249 and 250: Knight, Jack C. "Reckoning with Vio
Page 251 and 252: Belknap, Michael R. Feral Law and S
Page 253 and 254: Crcnshaw, Kimberlie. Critical Race
Page 255 and 256: Grant, Joanne . Hlack Pnxsst : Iist
Page 257 and 258: McCord, William, John Howard, Berna
Page 259 and 260: Reddick, Lawt+ence D. Crusader With
Page 261 and 262: Wilkins, Roy and Ramsey Clark . Sea
Page 263: The Road from Mont~p~. WCBS-TV. New
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3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives

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