3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives
3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives 3. Strain, Christopher Barry. “Civil Rights and ... - Freedom Archives
Robert Williams, fought back against white racists foroibly and swiftly. In the eyes of those accustomed to immediate deference, her use of a weapon to defend her mother's home must have seemed completely foreign . By staking a claim to life, she was asserting her civil rights . The philosophy of self-defense began to influence not only individuals but also organizations . Some members of CORE edged away from the nonviolent ideal . In 1962, two CORE field operatives, working outside the South, confessed that in meetings with other CORE workers "we don't talk about nonviolence anymore ."~°~ Wilfrcd Ussery, head of the San Franciso CORE chapter, told the local school board in September 1962, "The crucial point for the Negro is that . . . with respect to violence, he is not starting anything . . ."~°~ SNCC's fascination with nonviolence also proved to be rather fleeting . Many young members of SNCC seemed ready to break from nonviolence in the early 1960's, soon after the organization's inception . Don Harris, a SNCC worker in southwest Georgia during that group's early involvement there, estimated that between fifty and seventy percent of the staff in 1961 and 1962 were opposed to strict adherence to nonviolence . °~ With many nonviolent marches and protests, and the desegregation of countless public accommodations in the South, the period 1957-1962 marked the high ~°~Inge Powell Hell, CORE and the Strategy of Nonviolence (New York : Random House, 1968), 57 . ~°~San Francisco Chronicle (September 19, 1962) . [ARTICL.E 1'fTLE?] ~°~Emily S . Stoper, `"fhe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee : The Growth of Radicalism in a Civil Rights Organization" (Ph.D . dies ., Harvard University, 1968), 38. 7 8
tide of nonviolent diroct action ; paradoxically, this same period signified a return to the well-established tradition of armed self-defense by black Americans .
- Page 49 and 50: aggravate ; that is, his politics o
- Page 51 and 52: quantitative change in our lives."
- Page 53 and 54: '~P~opk With StrenSth": Questioning
- Page 55 and 56: united behind him:'s Comparing his
- Page 57 and 58: paratroopers from the 101" Airborne
- Page 59 and 60: Williams respected what he called "
- Page 61 and 62: NAACP had always appealed, he scour
- Page 63 and 64: Montgomery was buried without incid
- Page 65 and 66: motorcade with gunfiro when the car
- Page 67 and 68: slavery and oppression . Tire Negro
- Page 69 and 70: S-6 . at the heart of his nonviolen
- Page 71 and 72: act : anyone who would utilize nonv
- Page 73 and 74: folkways . Because they believed th
- Page 75 and 76: the South, found themselves spearhe
- Page 77 and 78: Brown ." sa That same month, Willia
- Page 79 and 80: pumping hundrr~ds of thousands of d
- Page 81 and 82: making better men either of themsel
- Page 83 and 84: He likened racism to a disease, a m
- Page 85 and 86: escalated . Rioting broke out. Then
- Page 87 and 88: Williams' ideas came to fruition in
- Page 89 and 90: When juxtaposed with the ideas of M
- Page 91 and 92: But if Willisms "made just as much
- Page 93 and 94: Whatever his place in prevailing hi
- Page 95 and 96: thinking merit special attention by
- Page 97 and 98: The women propared food, and served
- Page 99: candidate for county representative
- Page 103 and 104: the sheriff again and told him that
- Page 105 and 106: characterized by hatred or meanness
- Page 107 and 108: terms of "`violence' versus `nonvio
- Page 109 and 110: than as separate entities, seenKd q
- Page 111 and 112: The best descriptor of Malcolm X wa
- Page 113 and 114: qualities in themselves. Finally, a
- Page 115 and 116: someone is treating you in a crimin
- Page 117 and 118: "You can't take a black man who is
- Page 119 and 120: attacked . Now, fve never been the
- Page 121 and 122: have, he wondered, to stop the loca
- Page 123 and 124: precluded him from being involved.
- Page 125 and 126: Malcolm "proved" his detractors to
- Page 127 and 128: Malcolm reveled in ambivalence, and
- Page 129 and 130: While his views on integration, whi
- Page 131 and 132: He summed up his speoch by doclarin
- Page 133 and 134: journalist, labeled them "the South
- Page 135 and 136: shifted from Jonesbom to 8ogalusa,
- Page 137 and 138: cost. The struggle for black equali
- Page 139 and 140: point, the Deacons had ban quietly
- Page 141 and 142: Under the aegis of their charter an
- Page 143 and 144: them ; they were attuned to the law
- Page 145 and 146: the head, causing a gash . Leneva T
- Page 147 and 148: One thing is apparent in this year
- Page 149 and 150: mistake" ; the presence of the Deac
tide of nonviolent diroct action ; paradoxically, this same period signified a return to the<br />
well-established tradition of armed self-defense by black Americans .
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