Chapter 2 European Exploration and Colonization Packet

Exploration
Chapter 2
Name: _________________
Period: _______

Chapter 2: European Exploration and Colonization
Theme: In the late 1400's, Europeans in search of trade sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and
made contact with the Native Americans. Soon Spain and other countries established settlements in the
Americas. The Europeans also began to bring enslaved Africans there. Over time, Native American,
European, and African peoples and cultures interacted to form a new way of life. By the late 1600's, the
nations of Europe were competing for the newfound wealth in the Americas. The Spanish, French,
Dutch, and English had each staked a claim in the new lands.
Objectives: At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
• Explain the motivations for European exploration and colonization.
• Outline the technologies and factors that made it possible for Europeans to begin exploring.
• Scrutinize the different historical perspectives taken on the voyages of Christopher Columbus
and appraise whether or not his actions and legacy should be celebrated.
• Identify and describe the areas explored and colonized by the Portuguese, Spanish, French,
Dutch, and English.
• Account for the fall of the Aztec and Inca civilizations at the hands of the Spanish.
• Examine and describe the different positive and negative effects of European exploration and
colonization on Europe, North America, South America, and Africa.
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Columbus: Hero or Villain
3. Europeans Look Overseas: Motivation & History
4. Portuguese and Spanish Explorers
5. Conquistadors
6. French and Dutch Explorers
7. English Explorers
8. Review and Exam
Probable Time Frame: 2 weeks, Test is scheduled for
Next Unit: The English Colonies
1.

2.
Review Sheet
Write the name of the explorer that matches each description.
1.) Fought to end the use of Native American slaves ________________________________
2.) Conqueror of the Aztec Civilization ________________________________
3.) Explored the Northeast for England and the Netherlands________________________________
looking for a Northwest Passage
4.) Started the colony of New France and traded with the ________________________________
Algonquin Native Americans
5.) Portuguese prince who started a school of navigation ________________________________
6.) Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern ________________________________
tip of Africa and made it all the way to India
7.) English colonial leader who saved the Jamestown colony________________________________
with the rule, “If you don’t work, you don’t eat”
Define the following terms
8.) Encomienda:
9.) Nationalism:
10.) Coureur de bois:
11.) Caravel:
12.) Magnetic Compass:
13.) Astrolabe:
14.) Charter:
15.) Joint Stock Company:
16.) Capital:
17.) Give two examples of how the Aztec and Inca civilizations were conquered:
How Cortez conquered the Aztecs How Pizarro conquered the Inca
1- 1-
2- 2-

18.) Fill in the following chart:
Positives of the Columbian Exchange Negatives of the Columbian Exchange
1- 1-
2- 2-
19.) What were the 3 G’s that motivated Spanish explorers? 1.)________________________
2.) ________________________
3.)________________________
20.) The French, Dutch, and English all tried to gain control of the supply of beavers by fighting over
control of what?
21.) Give two examples of how different groups of Native Americans helped European colonists
survive:
Identify the following:
22.) Crusades:
23.) Northwest Passage:
24.) Mansa Musa:
25.) Caravel:
3.

8.
Christopher Columbus:
Hero, Villain, or Something Else?
As best as you can, summarize the story of Christopher Columbus as
you were taught it as an elementary school student (What is the
traditional story?):
What else have you heard or read about Christopher Columbus from
books, articles, teachers, parents, etc.? :

You will read three different telling of the Columbus
story. Each of these articles is opinion based and none of
them are purely a reporting of just facts. Read each story
and summarize the viewpoint of the authors below.
1.
2.
3.
9.

10.
After you finish reading the articles and summarizing each
author’s viewpoint, try to reflect upon what you read:
What were the positives of
Columbus’s voyage?
What were the negatives of
Columbus’s voyage?
What is your final assessment of Christopher Columbus?
Was he a hero, a villain, or something else entirely?

What Motivated European Explorers?
Motivations
To
Explore
11.

12.
Early Explorers Middle Ages Crusades Results of Crusades
European Look Overseas

European Look Overseas
Renaissance Tools of Exploration African Kingdoms Trade with Africa/
Slave Trade
13.

The Age of Exploration Homework
Directions: Read pg. 38-41 in your textbook and answer the following questions.
1.) How many different voyages did Columbus make for Spain to the New World?
2.) Describe how America got its name.
3.) Summarize the voyages of Ferdinand Magellan.
4.) What were several positive effects of the Columbian exchange?
5.) What were several negative effects of the Columbian exchange?
14.

Europeans Look Overseas
Directions: Find the answers to the following clues and fill in the crossword puzzle by using
your notes from pg. 12-13 of the packet.
6
11
4
3
ACROSS
1 This Portuguese "Navigator"
encouraged ships to sail south along the
coast of Africa.
5 This city was a thriving center of trade
and commerce in the kingdom of
Songhai.
6 Included the lord's castle, peasants' huts,
and surrounding villages or fields.
9 Ruler of the powerful African kingdom
of Mali.
10 A device used to measure latitude based
on the position of the stars.
11 A device with a needle that always
points North which helps sailors stay on
a straight course.
8
1
5
9
10
2
7
DOWN
2 These wars between the Christians and
Muslims over the "Holy Land" caused a
lot of cultural diffusion and desire for
trade.
3 Along with gold and statues, Africans
traded this valuable animal bone to
Europeans in exchange for weapons.
4 The Portuguese sailor who passed the
southern tip of Africa and traveled northeast
to India.
7 A system of rule by lords who owe
loyalty to a king.
8 A new type of ship developed by the
Portuguese that enables a sailing against
the wind.
15.

16.
Portugal:
Portuguese and Spanish Explorers
Key Person Area Explored Motivation Impact
Prince Henry • Called:
•
• Wanted to
encourage:
Bartholomeu Dias • • Trying to reach Asia
by:
Vasco da Gama • • Establish water
trade route to:
• Set up a school for:
• First to reach:
• Portugal became
wealthy from:
Spain: 3 Motivations: _______________ ______________ & ___________
Key Person Area Explored Motivation Impact
Christopher
Columbus
Bartolomé de Las
Casas
• Sailed:
• Founded:
• Not an explorer
•
•
•
• First European to:
• Abused:
• Wanted to: • Helped end:
Ponce de Leon • • Looking for: • Claimed:
Hernando de Soto • • • Claimed:
Francisco
Coronado
• • Looking for: • Claimed:
• Discovered:
Vocab:
Nationalism: _____________________________________________________________
Encomienda: The right of a Spaniard to demand _________ or ______________ from Native
Americans that he was to take care of and convert to Christianity.
Plantation: ______________________________________________________________

King Ferdinand’s Letter to the Taino Indians
Constructed Response Question
Historical Context: Below is a letter in which King Ferdinand sent along with Columbus
on his second voyage to Haiti. It was to be communicated to the Taino Indians. The King
wants the Indians to acknowledge the Christian religion and God, and to accept the
authority of the King of Spain. The letter is a mix of promises of benefits that will come to
them, but quickly followed up with the direst of threats if they do not comply.
…The late Pope gave these islands and mainland of the ocean and the contents hereof to
the above-mentioned King and Queen, as is certified in writing and you may see the
documents if you should so desire. Therefore, Their Highnesses are lords and masters of
this land…and all subjects unconditionally and of their own free will became Christians
and thus they remain. Their Highnesses received their allegiance with joy and benignity
and decreed that they be treated in this spirit like good and loyal vassals and you are
under the obligation to do the same.
Therefore, we request that you understand this text, deliberate on its contents within a
reasonable time, and recognize the Church and its highest priest, the Pope, as rulers of the
universe, and in their name the King and Queen of Spain as rulers of this land, allowing
the religious fathers to preach our holy Faith to you. You owe compliance as a duty to the
King and we in his name will receive you with love and charity, respecting your freedom
and that of your wives and sons and your rights of possession and we shall not compel
you to baptism unless you, informed of the Truth, wish to convert to our holy Catholic
Faith as almost all your neighbors have done in other islands, in exchange for which
Their Highnesses bestow many privileges and exemptions upon you.
Should you fail to comply…we assure you that with the help of God we shall use force
against you, declaring war upon you from all sides and with all possible means…we shall
enslave your persons, wives and sons, sell you or dispose of you as the King sees fit; we
shall seize your possessions and harm you as much as we can as disobedient and
resisting... And we declare you guilty of resulting deaths and injuries, exempting Their
Highnesses of such guilt as well as ourselves and the gentlemen who accompany us...
Directions: Answer the following in complete sentences.
1. Who gave possession of the islands to Spain? _________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. In the first paragraph of the letter the King states that all subjects will become
Christians on their own free will. What does this mean to you? _____________________
________________________________________________________________________
17.

18.
3. Using the context for clues, what do you think the King meant by “good and loyal
vassals”? ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. The King threatens the Taino people. What does he threaten to do? _______________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5.What do you think the King is trying to achieve with this threat? __________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
*
*
*
Outside Information
Adapted from “Revolution to Reconstruction”
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1400-1500/columbus/letter.htm

Spanish Conquistadors
Hernando Cortés Francisco Pizarro
Who: Who:
When: When:
Where: Where:
Why: Why:
How:
1)
2)
How:
Aftermath: Aftermath:
1)
2)
19.

20.
The Royal Commentaries of Peru
Constructed Response Question
Historical Context: In 1527, Francisco Pizarro entered Peru, where, with his small band
of 175 men armed with a cannon, they took over the entire Incan Empire.
Quickly after Pizarro landed on the shores he began to advance toward the Empire's
capitol. As Pizarro's group advanced, they were confronted by roughly fifty-thousand
Incan warriors within the town square of the capitol city who were bent on destroying
Pizarro's band. However, the Inca did not attack, rather, Pizarro asked the Inca's leader,
Atahualpa, to meet with him and his bodyguards unarmed. Pizarro knew that if he had the
Emperor he would have the entire Incan Empire, and all the gold which it held Shortly
after meeting with Pizarro, Atahualpa's gold headband was torn form his head, and with
the blast of a cannon, Pizarro's men slaughtered all of the Inca's within the town square.
Atahualpa attempted to bargain with Pizarro for his life, offering him a room filled with
gold, but shortly after Atahualpa showed Pizarro the room he was murdered.
The Some natives who became literate went on to learn how to write, helping them to
speak directly to European readers. Garcilaso de la Vega, an Inca, modeled his histories
on European examples; his narratives were translated from Spanish into English.
The Royal Commentaries of Peru
By Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616)
Directions: Use the information in the passage and the picture on the next page to answer
the questions that follow in complete sentences.
1. How did Pizarro trick Atahualpa and his army?
2. What did Pizarro’s men do in order to win the battle?

A Vision of Spanish Cruelty during their attack on Cuzco, Peru.
From the historical work:
London: Miles Flesher, for Christopher Wilkinson, 1688. Special Collections, University of Pennsylvania Library
3.Who is the group of men pictured
on the right side of the illustration?
4. Who is depicted on the left side of
the illustration?
5. What is pictured in the
background of the illustration?
6. Why do you think the author included this specific background in his illustration of the
battle scene?
7. From the historical description, can you predict what other illustrations might have
been included in this book by Garcilasco de la Vega?
21.

22.

The French and Dutch in Search of a
Northwest Passage
Northwest Passage: __________________________________________________
FRENCH ATTEMPTS AT FINDING
Giovanni da Verranzano (1524): Travelled up the coast from ________ __ to
____________
Jacques Cartier (1534-1542): Sailed up __________________________________
DUTCH ATTEMPTS AT FINDING
Henry Hudson (First Voyage – 1609): Sailed into ________________________
and up _____________________________________________________________
Though a __________________________ was never found, the explorers did
learn about the abundant ________________ of North America.
FRENCH SETTLEMENT
Samuel de Champlain: Established the first permanent French settlement of New
France at______________, a trading post to trade with Native Americans.
Plan to make money: the climate was not good for _________________. The
French focused on ______________ and ____________.
________ became the major product of New France.
Coureur de bois:
Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet: A __________ and a ____________
who explored _____________________________________________________.
-Formed good relations with many Native American groups.
Robert La Salle: Explored down the ________________ claiming all of the land for
France and naming it __________________ after ____________________.
-Set up a trading post:
DUTCH SETTLEMENT
Peter Minuit: set up New Amsterdam on _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
Competed with the French over the _________________ and became allies with
______________________.
23.

Exploration of the New World
Directions: Answer the following questions based on the map from the previous page. Please
use complete sentences in your responses.
1. This man was the first to explore in North America and claimed islands in the southern
Atlantic. _____________________________________________________________________.
2. These two men started in the Great Lakes and explored down the Mississippi River together.
____________________________________________________________________________.
3. This man explored much of southwestern North America in search of 7 cities of gold.
____________________________________________________________________________.
4. This man was the last explorer shown on the map. He founded New Orleans at the mouth of
the Mississippi River. __________________________________________________________.
5. This man explored the northern parts of the continent for two different countries.
____________________________________________________________________________.
25.

Exploration: Topics to Review
These are some things to think about as you study. Some
concepts will fit into several categories. Just be sure that none
of these terms sound completely unfamiliar to you.
Explorers and Colonists:
• Veranzanno
• Cartier
• Dias
• da Gama
• de Leon
• Champlain
• Marquette and Joliet
• La Salle
• Hudson
• Minuit
• Prince Henry
• Columbus
• Bartolome de Las Casas
• Ponce de Leon
• De Soto
• Coronado
• Cortez
• John White
• John Smith
• Pilgrims
Other concepts:
• Crusades
• Mansa Musa
• Slave Trade
• Gold, Glory, God
• The Mayflower Compact
• Fur trade
• Roanoke Island
• Jamestown
• Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Quebec
Vocabulary Terms:
• Manor
• Serf
• Printing Press
• Caravel
• Magnetic Compass
• Astrolabe
• coureur de bois
• Northwest Passage
• Nationalism
• Navigation
• Encomienda
• Plantation
• Charter
• Joint stock company
• Capital
• House of Burgesses
• Colony
• Conquistador
27.