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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
National and International Development

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Published by: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)
Public Relations Division · 11055 Berlin
Email: service@bmu.bund.de · Website: www.bmu.de/english · www.erneuerbare-energien.de
Editors: Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Dieter Böhme, Dr. Wolfhart Dürrschmidt, Dr. Michael van Mark
BMU, Division KI III 1
(General and Fundamental Aspects of Renewable Energies)
Expert contributors: Dr. Frank Musiol, Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Nieder, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Marion Ottmüller, Dipl.-Kffr. Ulrike Zimmer
Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW; Centre for solar energy
and hydrogen research), Stuttgart
Dipl.-Forstwirt Michael Memmler, Dipl.-Biol. Elke Mohrbach,
Dipl.-Biol. Sarah Moritz, Dipl.-Ing./Lic. rer. reg. Sven Schneider
Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Section I 2.5
Design: design idee, büro für gestaltung, Erfurt
Printing: Silber Druck oHG Niestetal
Photos: Cover: Dominique Delfino/Biosphoto
P. 4 (top): sbonky/Fotolia.com
P. 4 (button): Matthias Lüdecke/BMU
P. 6: sbonky/Fotolia.com
P. 21: Verband der Deutschen Biokraftstoffindustrie e.V.
P. 28: Marina Lohrbach/Fotolia.com
P. 33: camera-me.com/Fotolia.com
P. 53 (top): Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
P. 53 (button): Jörg Böthling/agenda
P. 57: Jörg Böthling/agenda
P. 59: IRENA/BMU
P. 60: Imgo Kuzia/intro
P. 62: Jörg Lantelme
P. 67: reises/Fotolia.com
P. 68: Willi Wilhelm/Fotolia.com
P. 69: Volker Z/Fotolia.com
Date: June 2010
1st edition: 5,000 copies
2 Renewable energy sources in figures

CONTENTS
PART I:
Renewable energy sources in Germany:
Guarantees for climate protection, supply security and economic stability 8
Renewable energies in Germany: The most important facts in 2009 at a glance 9
Contribution of renewable energies to the energy supply and relevant avoided CO 2 emissions in Germany, 2009 10
Renewable energies‘ shares of energy supply in Germany, 1998 to 2009 11
Final energy consumption in Germany, 2009 – shares met by renewable energies 12
Structure of the renewables-based final energy supply in Germany, 2009 13
Development of renewables-based energy production in Germany, 1990 to 2009 14
Emissions avoided through use of renewable energies in Germany, 2009 18
Development of energy-related emissions in Germany, 1990 to 2008 22
Energy-related emissions in Germany, by source groups, 2008 23
Fossil fuels and energy imports saved via the use of renewable energies in Germany, 2009 24
Gross value added achieved with renewable energies in Germany, 2009 25
Employment in Germany‘s renewable energies sector 27
Support under the EEG and cost apportionment to electricity prices 28
Feed-in and fees under the Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid (StrEG)
and the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) since 1991 30
Expanding use of renewable energies in the heat sector: legislation, promotion and impacts 31
How society benefits from use of renewable energies 33
Research and development for renewable energy technologies 35
Overview of the economic impacts of expansion of renewable energies 36
Long-term, sustainable utilisation potential of renewable energies for electricity, heat and fuel production in Germany 38
Part II:
Renewable energies in the European Union 39
Effects of EU Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy statistics 40
Use of renewable energies in the EU 43
Expansion of renewables-based electricity generation in the European internal electricity market 44
Renewables-based electricity supply in the EU 45
Wind energy use in the EU 47
Renewables-based heat supply in the EU 49
Renewables-based fuels in the EU 50
Socio-economic aspects of renewable energies in selected EU countries, 2008 51
Instruments for the promotion of renewable energy sources in the EU electricity market 52
Part III:
Global use of renewable energy sources 53
Global energy supply from renewable energies 55
Regional use of renewable energies in 2007 – around the globe 57
Global electricity generation from renewable energies 58
International Renewable Energy Agency 59
International Conference for Renewable Energy Sources – renewables2004 – and its follow-up process 60
Annex: Methodological notes 61
Conversion factors 69
List of abbreviations 70
List of sources 71
Renewable energy sources in figures
3

FOREWORD
4 Renewable energy sources in figures
Dear Readers,
Renewable energies have been playing
a more and more important
role in Germany‘s energy supply.
Already, they are helping to significantly
reduce our greenhouse gas
emissions, drive job growth and
strengthen our economy. And they
are a shining example of the benefits
of using and transferring innovative
technologies. With this trend,
Germany is in an excellent position
to meet the challenges of the 21st
century, in which climate protection,
backed by a sustainable energy
supply, will be of central importance.
In the long term, we will need to
drastically reduce our energy consumption
and base our energy supply
on CO 2 -free energy sources.
Along with enhancing energy efficiency,
therefore, the best way to
achieve an energy sector that is sustainable,
conserves resources and
does not depend on expensive, unreliable
energy imports is to continue
expanding the use of electricity,
heat and fuels from renewable
energy resources.
In 2009, renewable energies proved
their economic stability in the face

of a global economic crisis. With
a renewable energies sector that
meets slightly more than 10 percent
of its total final energy demand,
Germany is well placed to meet the
European Commission‘s targets for
further expansion of renewable energies
by 2020.
In the electricity sector renewable
energies‘ share of total consumption
reached 16.1 percent in 2009,
while their share of total heat consumption
climbed to 8.8 percent.
The clear task now is to build on this
success. With the Renewable Energy
Sources Act and the Act on the
Promotion of Renewable Energies
in the Heat Sector, the German Government
has provided the necessary
framework for continued progress.
This framework will be optimised on
the basis of progress reports to be
submitted soon.
This brochure presents information
on the development of renewable
energies in Germany and the
use of such energies in Europe and
throughout the world.
The figures clearly show that investments
in renewable energies have
paid off. The energy concept that
the German Government plans to
present at the end of this year will
be oriented to their further growth.
Dr. Norbert Röttgen
Federal Minister for the
Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety
Renewable energy sources in figures
5

6 Renewable energy sources in figures

WoRkINg gRouP oN RENEWablE ENERgIES –
STaTISTIcS (agEE-STaT)
In collaboration with the Federal
Ministry of Economics and Technology
and the Federal Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Consumer
Protection, the Federal Ministry for
the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety established
the Working Group on Renewable
Energies – Statistics (AGEE-Stat) to
ensure that all statistics and data
relating to renewable energies are
part of a comprehensive, up-to-date
and coordinated system. The results
of AGEE-Stat’s work have been incorporated
into this brochure.
AGEE-Stat, an independent specialist
body, began operating in February
2004. Its members include experts
from
ó the Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety (BMU)
ó the Federal Ministry of Economics
and Technology (BMWi)
ó the Federal Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Consumer Protection
(BMELV)
ó the Federal Environment Agency
(UBA)
ó the Federal Statistical Office
(StBA)
ó Fachagentur Nachwachsende
Rohstoffe e.V. (Agency for Renewable
Resources; FNR)
ó Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen
(Working Group on
Energy Balances; AGEB)
WORKING GROUP ON RENEWABLE ENERGIES – STATISTICS (AGEE-STAT)
ó Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und
Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-
Württemberg (Baden-Württemberg
centre for solar-energy and
hydrogen research; ZSW).
In early 2010, Dr. Frank Musiol
(Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und
Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg)
was appointed head of
the Working Group on Renewable
Energies – Statistics, taking over
from Dr. Frithjof Staiß, who had held
the position from 2004 to 2009.
AGEE-Stat’s activities focus primarily
on renewable energy statistics.
In addition, the body has also been
charged with
ó creating a basis for meeting the
German government’s various
national, EU-wide and international
reporting obligations in the
field of renewable energies, and
ó carrying out general information
and public relations work on renewable
energy data and development.
AGEE-Stat is also involved in a range
of research projects with a view to
improving the relevant database and
scientific calculation methods. It enhances
its work through workshops
and consultations on selected topics.
Further information on AGEE-Stat
and on renewable energies may be
found on the BMU Website:
www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
Updated information on the development and environmental impacts of
renewable energies in Germany can be found on the BMU renewable energies
website at www.erneuerbare-energien.de, under the heading “data service”.
Some data published in this brochure are provisional and reflect the status at
the time of going to print in June 2010.
The BMU renewable energies website also contains graphs and tables with
the latest data and other information on renewable energies.
Renewable energy sources in figures
7

RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN GERMANY
PaRT I:
RENEWablE ENERgy SouRcES IN gERMaNy:
guaRaNTES FoR clIMaTE PRoTEcTIoN, SuPPly SEcuRITy
aND EcoNoMIc STabIlITy
Converting our energy systems to
sustainable energy sources, their
efficient management and an economical
use of energy – those are
among the central challenges of the
21st century. In many regions of the
world, energy demand is climbing
rapidly as a result of catch-up industrialisation.
At the same time, industrialised
countries have an obligation
to drastically lower their
resource consumption and their energy-related
greenhouse gas emissions.
Only with such reductions will
we still be able to prevent the worst
impacts of climate change and reduce
resource dependencies.
While pursuing an important strategy
of using energy resources carefully
and converting them efficiently,
the German Government is also
firmly committed to the use of renewable
energy sources. In recent
years, renewable energies have rapidly
gained importance – particularly
in the electricity market, but also
in the heating and transport sectors.
Accounting for a share of over 16 %
of the German electricity supply in
2009, they have become an indispensable
pillar of the country’s energy
sector.
Renewable energies contribute to
a sustainable energy supply in a
number of ways:
ó They make a key contribution to
climate protection, for example
by replacing fossil fuels. In 2009,
such replacement prevented emissions
of some 107 million tonnes
of CO 2 (about 108 million t CO 2
equivalents).
8 Renewable energy sources in figures
ó They increase resource diversity
and reduce dependence on fossil
fuels and on imports of fossil
fuels. They thus enhance supply
security and help prevent resource-related
conflicts.
ó Renewables also protect us
against incalculable increases in
the cost of energy imports which
are inevitable for fossil and nuclear
resources in the medium and
long term, and already apparent
in the case of oil.
ó At the end of their useful life,
facilities for the use of renewable
energy sources are easily dismantled
and recycled. They leave
behind no long-term pollution or
damage such as radioactive waste
or coal-mining pits.
ó In most cases, renewable energies
are locally available energy resources
whose use contribute to
domestic value added and jobs.
In 2009, investments totalling
20 billion euros were made in
Germany’s renewable energies
sector, and operation of renewable
energy facilities generated
about 16 billion euros of value
added. With domestic revenue
totalling about 36 billion euros
the sector was able to remain
clear of the economic crisis. Its
workforce in 2009 amounted to
over 300,000 people.
Status and perspectives
The expansion of renewable energy
sources in Germany has been an exemplary
success. Since 2000, renewable
energies’ contribution to final
energy supply has increased 2.5-fold
to a level of 10.3 %. In the electricity
sector, the German Government had
originally aimed to achieve a 12.5 %
renewables’ share of gross electricity
demand by 2010. This target was
already surpassed, considerably, by
2007. In 2009, a share of over 16 %
had been reached.
The most important factor in the
successful expansion of renewable
energies in the electricity sector is
the Renewable Energy Sources Act
(EEG). In its most recent version,
which entered into force on 1 January
2009, the Act outlines a path for
further expansion: renewable energies
are to account for at least 30 %
of electricity provision by 2020.
On 1 January 2009, the Act on the
Promotion of Renewable Energies
in the Heat Sector (EEWärmeG) also
entered into force. This specifies
that the renewable energies’ share
of heat supply is to grow to 14 % by
2020. In addition, under a “Biomass
Action Plan”, by 2020 the biofuels’
share of fuel use is to be increased
to a level that yields a greenhouse
gas emissions reduction of 7 %. This
corresponds to an energy share of
about 12 %.
The aforementioned targets are significant
especially in the context of
the EU Directive on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable
sources (2009/28/EC). This directive
calls for renewable energies to meet
20 % of gross final energy consumption
in the European Union by 2020.
The corresponding target for Germany
is 18 %.
The figures presented on the following
pages, covering the sector’s actual
status for the year 2009, show that
Germany is well on its way to reaching
that target.

RENEWablE ENERgIES IN gERMaNy:
ThE MoST IMPoRTaNT FacTS IN 2009 aT a glaNcE
use of renewable energy
sources has achieved the
following in germany:
ó Renewable energies now account
for 10.3 % of total energy consumption
(2008: 9.3 %)
ó Renewable energies now cover
16.1 % of gross electricity consumption
(2008: 15.2 %)
ó Renewable energies now cover
8.8 % of final heat consumption
(2008: 7.4 %)
ó Renewable energies now meet
5.5 % of fuel demand (2008: 5.9 %)
ó Investments in 2009: 20.0 billion
euros (2008: 15.3 billion euros)
ó Value added through the operation
of renewable energy installations:
16 billion euros (2008:
15.3 billion euros)
ó Overall, use of renewable energies
prevented a total of about
108 million tonnes of greenhouse
gas emissions
2009
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3.2
Share of
total FEC
The economic crisis reduced
energy consumption and increased
renewable energies’
shares of supply
As a result of the economic crisis,
energy consumption in Germany
decreased by around 6 % last year.
However, renewable energies were
able to remain clear of the crisis,
with the result that their share of
the country’s electricity and heat
supply increased markedly.
Wind energy retains the lead,
in spite of poor wind conditions
With a gross capacity increase of
1,917 MW, markedly up from
2008 (2008: 1,667 MW), a total of
25,777 MW of wind generation capacity
were in place at the end of
2009. Electricity generation from
wind, at 37.8 TWh, remained noticeably
below capacity, however, because
2009 had unusually light wind
conditions.
biogas on the upswing
As a result of the significant increase
in the construction of biogas installations,
a total of 23.6 TWh of elec-
AT A GLANCE
tricity were generated in 2009
from solid, liquid and gaseous biomass
(including production from
biogenic waste landfill and sewage
gas, 30.5 TWh). In addition, some
3.5 million tonnes of biofuels were
consumed, and the total number of
pellet-fired heating systems climbed
to 125,000 [110].
World-leading expansion in
photovoltaic systems
With added capacity of about
3,800 MW, Germany was again the
world’s “photovoltaic champion”.
A total of 6.2 TWh of electricity was
generated with PV systems, putting
the photovoltaic share of total energy
generation above 1 % for the first
time. Addition of solar thermal collector
area, at about 1.6 million m 2 ,
remained at a high level. All in all,
nearly 13 million m 2 of such collector
area were in place at the end of 2009.
Investments at record levels
With record total investments of
20.0 billion euros in construction
of new systems, renewable energies
grew against the general downward
trend of the economic crisis.
Renewable energies‘ shares of the energy supply in germany
10.3
4.7
16.1
Share of
gross electricity
consumption
3.6
Share of
FEC for heat
8.8
0.2
[Figures in %]
5.5
Share of
fuel consumption
2.6
Share of PEC
8.9
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and
other sources, cf. the following tables
Renewable energy sources in figures
9

ENERGY SUPPLY
coNTRIbuTIoN oF RENEWablE ENERgIES To ThE ENERgy SuPPly
aND RElEvaNT avoIDED co 2 EMISSIoNS IN gERMaNy, 2009
Electricity generation
heat generation
Fuel
10 Renewable energy sources in figures
Final
energy
2009
Share of
final energy
consumption
avoided
co 2 emissions
Final energy 2008
[gWh] [%] [1,000 t] [gWh]
Hydropower 1) 19,000
3.3 15,475 20,446
Wind energy 37,809 6.5 27,001 40,574
on land 37,773 6.5 – –
at sea (offshore) 37 0.006 – –
Photovoltaics 6,200 1.1 3,296 4,420
Biogenic solid fuels 12,100 2.1 9,436 11,328
Biogenic liquid fuels 1,450 0.2 880 1,443
Biogas 10,000 1.7 6,283 8,139
Sewage gas 1,025 0.2 747 1,021
Landfill gas 940 0.2 685 941
Biogenic fraction of waste 2) 5,000 0.9 3,931 4,940
Geothermal energy 19 0.003 10 18
Total 93,543 16.1 67,745 93,269
Biogenic solid fuels (households) 3) 58,000
Share of electrictiy consumption 9)
Share of FEc for heat 10)
4.4 17,199 56,762
Biogenic solid fuels (industry) 4) 13,900 1.1 3,808 13,901
Biogenic solid fuels (CHP/HP) 5) 6,050 0.5 1,649 5,040
Biogenic liquid fuels 6) 7,700 0.6 1,957 7,660
Biogas 8,700 0.7 1,977 7,531
Sewage gas 7) 1,100 0.1 316 1,143
Landfill gas 400 0.03 115 422
Biogenic fraction of waste 2) 9,400 0.7 2,614 5,020
Solar thermal energy 4,725 0.4 1,032 4,131
Deep geothermal energy 291 0.02 17 206
Near-surface geothermal energy 8) 4,740 0.4 371 4,376
Total 115,006 8.8 31,056 106,192
Biodiesel 25,972
Share of fuel
consumption 11)
4.2 5,893 27,806
Vegetable oil 1,043 0.2 288 4,194
Bioethanol 6,748 1.1 1,794 4,694
Total 33,763 5.5 7,975 36,694
Total 242,312 FEc 12) 10.3 106,776 236,155
Note:
Figures used throughout this brochure
are provisional.
Regarding electricity generation from photovoltaic
systems, and heat production with solar
thermal systems, cf. Annex (1).
Discrepancies in the total are the result of
rounding-off
1) For pumped-storage power stations, only
electricity generation from natural inflow
2) Biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration
systems assumed to be 50 %. The
increase in the heat sector, with respect to
the previous year, is the result of first-time
inclusion of newly available data. Such
inclusion is a statistical adjustment that
does not support any conclusions regarding
actual expansion of usage.
3) Primarily wood
4) Industry = mining and quarrying operations,
and manufacturing; Art. 8 Act on
Energy Statistics (Energiestatistikgesetz)
5) Pursuant to Arts. 3 and 5, Act on Energy
Statistics
6) Heat production includes paper industry
(spent sulphite liquor) and other industry
7) Represents the value for direct use of sewage
gas
8) Includes air-to-water, water-to-water and
brine-to-water heat pumps
9) Based on gross electricity consumption in
2009 of 582.5 TWh
10) Final energy consumption for space heating,
water heating and other process heat in
2009, 1,310 TWh (4,710 PJ) (estimate of ZSW)
11) Based on fuel consumption in 2009 of
613 TWh
12) Based on final energy consumption in 2009
of 2,350 TWh (8,470 PJ) (estimate of ZSW)
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and
other sources; cf. the following tables

ENERGY SUPPLY
RENEWablE ENERgIES’ ShaRES oF ENERgy SuPPly IN gERMaNy,
1998 To 2009
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Final energy consumption (FEc) [%]
Electricity generation
(based on total gross electricity consumption)
Heat generation
(based on total heat generation)
Fuel consumption 1)
(based on total fuel consumption)
4.7 5.4 6.4 6.7 7.8 7.5 9.2 10.1 11.6 14.2 15.2 16.1
3.6 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.5 6.0 6.2 7.4 7.4 8.8
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.8 3.7 6.3 7.2 5.9 5.5
Renewable energies’ share of total FEc 3.2 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.9 6.8 8.0 9.5 9.3 10.3
Primary energy consumption (PEc) [%]
Renewable energies’ share of total PEc 2) 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.3 7.9 8.1 8.9
[%]
1) For the period through 2002, the reference figure is fuel consumption in road transports; as of
2003 it is total consumption of motor fuel, not including aircraft fuel
2) Working Group on Energy Balances (AGEB) (as of March 2010). Calculated according to physical
energy content method.
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and of other sources; cf. pages 14 – 17
Development of renewable energies’ shares of final energy consumption and of primary
energy consumption in germany, since 1998
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3.2
2.6
3.4
2.8
3.8
2.9
4.1
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Renewable energies’ share of FEC
Renewable energies’ share of PEC
2.9
4.5
3.2
5.0
3.8
5.9
4.5
6.8
5.3
8.0
6.3
9.5
7.9
9.3
8.1
10.3
8.9
Sources: cf. Table above
Renewable energy sources in figures
11

ENERGY SUPPLY
FINal ENERgy coNSuMPTIoN IN gERMaNy, 2009
– ShaRES MET by RENEWablE ENERgIES
Final energy supply from renewable
energies: about 242 TWh (871 PJ)
(10.3 % share of total final energy
consumption)
1) Estimate of ZSW
2) Solid, liquid, gaseous biomass (biogas, sewage
gas and landfill gas); biogenic fraction of
waste; biogenic fuels
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat,
ZSW [1]; pursuant to AGEB [4]
Hydropower
Wind energy
Biofuels
Biogenic fuels, electricity
Solar thermal energy
1)
Biogenic fuels, heat 1)
Geothermal energy
Photovoltaics
1) Biogenic solid fuels; biogenic liquid and
gaseous fuels (biogas, sewage gas and landfill
gas); biogenic fraction of waste; biofuels
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat
and other sources; cf. pages 14 – 17
[TWh]
300
250
200
150
100
50
12 Renewable energy sources in figures
Renewable energies‘ shares of
total final energy consumption in germany, 2009
Total: 8,470 PJ 1)
RE share
10.3 %
89.7 %
Non-renewable energy resources
(hard coal, lignite, petroleum,
natural gas and
nuclear energy)
15.6 %
7.8 %
2.6 %
Structure of the renewables-based
final energy supply in germany, 2009
2.1 %
13.9 % 12.6 %
1.9 %
Total: 242 TWh
43.4 %
Hydropower
0.8 %
Wind energy
1.6 %
Biomass 2)
7.2 %
Development of the renewables-based final energy supply in germany, by sectors
Shares, 2009
13.9 %
47.5 %
38.6 %
Fuels
Heat
Electricity
Other
renewable energies
0.7 %
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources; cf. pages 14 – 17

ENERGY SUPPLY
STRucTuRE oF ThE RENEWablES-baSED FINal ENERgy SuPPly
IN gERMaNy, 2009
20.3 %
Structure of the renewables-based
electricity supply in germany, 2009
5.3 %
1.1 %
1.0 %
40.4 %
10.7 %
1.6 %
12.9 %
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources; cf. table page 14
Structure of the renewables-based
heat supply in germany, 2009
50.4 %
4.1 %
0.3 %
4.1 %
8.2 %
8.9 %
Structure of the renewables-based
fuel supply in germany, 2009
76.9 %
20.0 %
3.1 %
6.6 %
12.1 %
5.3 %
6.7 %
Electricity supply from renewable energies:
93.5 TWh
(Share of total electricity consumption: 16.1 %)
Hydropower
Wind energy
Photovoltaic power
Biogenic solid fuels
Biogenic liquid fuels
Biogas
Sewage gas
Landfill gas
Biogenic fraction of waste
Geothermal electricity generation is not shown due
to the small quantities involved
Heat production from renewable energies:
115.0 TWh
(Share of total heat consumption: 8.8 %)
Biogenic solid fuels (households)
Biogenic solid fuels (industry)
Biogenic solid fuels (CHP/HP)
Biogenic liquid fuels
Biogenic gaseous fuels
Biogenic fraction of waste
Solar thermal systems
Deep geothermal energy
Near-surface geothermal energy
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources;
cf. table page 16
Biogenic fuels: 33.8 TWh
(Share of total fuel
consumption: 5.5%)
Biodiesel
Vegetable oil
Bioethanol
Biofuel quantities in 2009:
Biodiesel: 2,517,000 tonnes,
2,836 million litres;
Vegetable oil: 100,000 tonnes,
109 million litres;
Bioethanol: 902,000 tonnes,
1,153 million litres
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and of other sources;
cf. table page 17
Renewable energy sources in figures
13

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
DEvEloPMENT oF RENEWablES-baSED
ENERgy PRoDucTIoN IN gERMaNy, 1990 To 2009
Electricity generation (final energy) from renewable energies in germany since 1990
hydropower
1)
Wind
energy
14 Renewable energy sources in figures
biomass 2)
biogenic
fraction
of waste 3)
Photovoltaic
power
geoth. energy
Total
electricity
generation
Share of gross
electricity
consumption
[gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [%]
1990 15,580 71 222 1,213 1 0 17,087 3.1
1991 15,402 100 259 1,211 2 0 16,973 3.1
1992 18,091 275 297 1,262 3 0 19,928 3.7
1993 18,526 600 433 1,203 6 0 20,768 3.9
1994 19,501 909 570 1,306 8 0 22,294 4.2
1995 20,747 1,500 665 1,348 11 0 24,271 4.5
1996 18,340 2,032 759 1,343 16 0 22,490 4.1
1997 18,453 2,966 879 1,397 26 0 23,721 4.3
1998 18,452 4,489 1,642 1,618 32 0 26,233 4.7
1999 20,686 5,528 1,847 1,740 42 0 29,843 5.4
2000 24,867 7,550 2,893 1,844 64 0 37,217 6.4
2001 23,241 10,509 3,348 1,859 76 0 39,033 6.7
2002 23,662 15,786 4,089 1,949 162 0 45,647 7.8
2003 17,722 18,713 6,085 2,161 313 0 44,993 7.5
2004 19,910 25,509 7,960 2,117 556 0.2 56,052 9.2
2005 19,576 27,229 10,979 3,047 1,282 0.2 62,112 10.1
2006 20,042 30,710 14,840 3,675 2,220 0.4 71,487 11.6
2007 21,249 39,713 19,430 4,130 3,075 0.4 87,597 14.2
2008 20,446 40,574 22,872 4,940 4,420 17.6 93,269 15.2
2009 19,000 37,809 25,515 5,000 6,200 18.6 93,543 16.1
With regard to photovoltaic electricity generation,
cf. Annex 1.
Remark: In the period through 1999 (for sewage
gas: through 1997), the figures on electricity
generation from biomass include only
electricity generation in power stations for the
general public supply, as well as feed-in from
private electricity generation; industry’s consumption
of own electricity was not recorded.
1) For pumped-storage power stations, only
electricity generation from natural inflow
2) Until 1998, only feed-in into the general
public grid. Figures for the period as of 2003
also include industrial electricity generation
from liquid biomass (spent sulphite liquor)
3) Biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration
systems assumed to be 50 %
Sources: BMU on the basis of of AGEE-Stat, ZSW [1]; VDEW
[17], [18], [20], [22] [27], [28], [29], [30], [35]; AGEB [5];
BDEW [6], [23], [24]; StBA [21]; SFV [26]; Erdwärme-Kraft
GbR [39]; geo x [40]
Development of electricity generation from renewable energies in germany since 1990
120
Photovoltaic power
Wind energy
100
Biogenic fraction of waste
Biomass
80
Hydropower
60
StrEG
Geothermal electricity generation
40
as of January 1991
is not shown, due to the small
quantities involved
20
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat
and other sources; cf. the table above
Electricity generation [TWh]
0
1990
1991
Amendment to BauGB
as of November 1997
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
EEG
as of 1 April 2000
new EEG 2009
as of 1 January 2009
EEG 2004
as of 1 August 2004
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

Installed capacity for renewables-based electricity generation in germany since 1990
hydropower
Wind
energy
biomass
biogenic
fraction
of waste
Photovoltaic
power
geoth.
energy
Total
capacity
[MW] [MW] [MW] [MW] [MW p ] [MW] [MW]
1990 4,403 55 85 499 1 0 5,042
1991 4,446 106 97 499 2 0 5,150
1992 4,489 174 105 499 3 0 5,270
1993 4,509 326 143 499 5 0 5,482
1994 4,529 618 178 499 6 0 5,830
1995 4,546 1,121 215 525 8 0 6,415
1996 4,563 1,546 253 551 11 0 6,924
1997 4,578 2,080 318 527 18 0 7,521
1998 4,600 2,871 432 540 23 0 8,466
1999 4,547 4,439 467 555 32 0 10,040
2000 4,600 6,104 579 585 76 0 11,944
2001 4,600 8,754 696 585 186 0 14,821
2002 4,620 11,994 826 585 296 0 18,321
2003 4,640 14,609 1,090 847 439 0 21,625
2004 4,660 16,629 1,444 1,016 1,074 0.2 24,823
2005 4,680 18,415 1,964 1,210 1,980 0.2 28,249
2006 4,700 20,622 2,619 1,250 2,812 0.2 32,003
2007 4,720 22,247 3,502 1,330 3,977 3.2 35,779
2008 4,740 23,897 3,973 1,440 5,994 6.6 40,051
2009 4,760 25,777 4,509 1,460 9,800 6.6 46,313
Shares of total renewables-based installed capacity in
the electricity sector in germany 2000 and 2009
51.1 %
9.7 %
0.6 %
2000:
11,944 MW
total
38.5 %
12.9 %
55.6 %
2009:
46,313 MW
total
21.2 %
10.3 %
Since the entry into force of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), in
2000, the total installed capacity for renewables-based electricity generation
has nearly quadrupled. The importance of hydropower has declined
considerably during the same period.
INSTALLED CAPACITY
Remark: In the period through 1999, the figures
for installed electricity capacity of biomass
installations include only “power stations for
the general public supply” and “other parties
feeding in renewables-based electricity”.
In each case, figures for installed capacity
figures refer to the relevant cumulative levels at
the end of the year.
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and VDEW [17],
[18], [20], [22], [27], [28], [29], [30], [35], [61], [62],
[63] [64]; EnBW [41]; Fichtner [42]; BWE [43]; DEWI et
al.[44]; DEWI [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50]; BSW [51];
IE [58]; DBFZ [57]; BDEW [59]; ITAD [66]; Erdwärme-Kraft
GbR [39]; geo x GmbH [40]; BNetzA [52], [113]; ZSW[1]
pursuant to [112]
Hydropower
Wind energy
Biomass
Photovoltaic power
Geothermal electricity generation capacities
are still marginal in comparison to the shares
of other renewables-based technologies; for
this reason, they are not shown.
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other
sources; cf. the table above
Renewable energy sources in figures
15

HEAT SUPPLY
1) Survey method modified in 1996/1997. As
of 2003, in a departure from the approach
used in the previous years, figures are in
accordance with Arts. 3, 5 (CHP installations
and district heating installations) and Art. 8
(industry) of the Act on Energy Statistics of
2003. Furthermore, they include direct use
of sewage gas.
2) Figures for the period 1990 to 1994 set as
equivalent to those for 1995. Figures for
2000 to 2002 estimated, on basis of the
values for 1999 and 2003. Biogenic fraction
of waste in waste-incineration systems assumed
to be 50 %. The increase in the heat
sector seen in 2009 compared to the previous
year is the result of first-time inclusion
of newly available data. Such inclusion is a
statistical adjustment that does not support
any conclusions regarding actual expansion
of usage.
3) Useful energy; dismantling of old installations
has been taken into account.
4) Including heat from deep geothermal
energy and air-to-water, water-to-water and
brine-to-water heat pumps.
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and ZSW [1]; StBA
[21]; IEA [65]; AGEB [68], [69], [70]; BSW [51]; ZfS [54];
pursuant to IE et al. [58]; pursuant to ITW [72]; GZB [114];
LIAG [115]
Geothermal energy
Solar thermal energy
Biogenic fraction
of waste
Biomass
Sources: See above
[TWh]
16 Renewable energy sources in figures
heat supply (final energy) from renewable energies in germany
since 1990
biomass 1)
biogenic
fraction of
waste 2)
Solar
thermal
energy 3)
geothermal
energy 4)
Total heat
generation
Share
of heat
consumption
[gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [%]
1990 28,265 2,308 130 1,515 32,218 2.1
1991 28,360 2,308 166 1,518 32,353 2.1
1992 28,362 2,308 218 1,525 32,413 2.1
1993 28,368 2,308 277 1,535 32,488 2.1
1994 28,375 2,308 351 1,538 32,572 2.2
1995 28,387 2,308 439 1,543 32,677 2.1
1996 28,277 2,538 547 1,554 32,916 2.0
1997 45,591 2,290 688 1,589 50,158 3.2
1998 49,740 3,405 846 1,624 55,615 3.6
1999 50,858 3,674 1,021 1,666 57,219 3.8
2000 51,419 3,548 1,259 1,722 57,947 3.9
2001 58,220 3,421 1,586 1,809 65,036 4.2
2002 57,242 3,295 1,884 1,903 64,324 4.3
2003 69,182 3,169 2,139 2,010 76,500 5.1
2004 75,376 3,690 2,437 2,162 83,665 5.5
2005 79,746 4,692 2,773 2,413 89,624 6.0
2006 83,023 4,911 3,212 3,100 94,246 6.2
2007 86,670 4,783 3,636 3,731 98,820 7.4
2008 92,459 5,020 4,131 4,582 106,192 7.4
2009 95,850 9,400 4,725 5,031 115,006 8.8
heat supply from renewable energies in germany since 1997
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50.2
Shares, 2009
83.3 %
55.6 57.2 57.9
8.2 %
4.1 %
4.4 %
65.0 64.3
76.5
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
83.7
89.6
94.2
98.8
106.2
115.0

Net increase [thousands of m 2 ]
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
addition of solar collector capacity in germany since 1990
0.3
1.1
1990 1995
Total area, cumulative
Additions of absorber systems for swimming pools
Additions of solar combisystems
Additions of solar thermal water heating systems
3.2
4.1
4.7
5.4
6.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
The graph takes account of dismantling of old installations; “Combisystems” = Systems for both heating of process
water and boosting of central heating systems. Area converted into power using the conversion factor 0.7 kW /m th 2
[IEA 107].
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat, ZSW [1]; ZfS [54]
Fuel supply (final energy) from renewable energies in germany since 1990
biodiesel vegetable oil bioethanol Total biofuels
Share of fuel
consumption
[gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [gWh] [%]
1990 0 k.A. 0 0 0.0
1991 2 k.A. 0 2 0.0
1992 52 21 0 72 0.01
1993 52 31 0 83 0.01
1994 258 42 0 300 0.05
1995 310 63 0 372 0.06
1996 516 84 0 599 0.1
1997 825 94 0 919 0.1
1998 1,032 115 0 1,147 0.2
1999 1,341 146 0 1,487 0.2
2000 2,579 167 0 2,746 0.4
2001 3,611 209 0 3,820 0.6
2002 5,674 251 0 5,925 0.9
2003 8,253 292 0 8,546 1.4
2004 10,833 345 481 11,659 1.8
2005 18,570 2,047 1,674 22,291 3.7
2006 1) 29,310 7,426 3,540 40,276 6.3
2007 33,677 8,066 3,412 45,154 7.2
2008 27,806 4,194 4,694 36,694 5.9
2009 2) 25,972 1,043 6,748 33,763 5.5
7.1
8.5
9.4
11.3
12.9
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Total installed area [millions of m 2 ]
HEAT/FUEL SUPPLY
Solar thermal
cum. cum.
area output
[1,000 m 2 ] [MW]
1990 332 232
1991 460 322
1992 575 402
1993 740 518
1994 931 652
1995 1,138 797
1996 1,428 1,000
1997 1,783 1,248
1998 2,147 1,503
1999 2,603 1,822
2000 3,231 2,261
2001 4,128 2,890
2002 4,658 3,261
2003 5,374 3,762
2004 6,128 4,290
2005 7,073 4,951
2006 8,475 5,932
2007 9,410 6,587
2008 11,307 7,915
2009 12,880 9,016
1) The biodiesel quantity for 2006 includes vegetable
oil, since until August 2006 biodiesel
and vegetable oil quantities were jointly
recorded. AGQM [31] and UFOP [32] show
biodiesel consumption of 2.5 million tonnes
in 2006.
2) Biofuel quantities in 2009:
biodiesel: 2,517,000 tonnes,
vegetable oil: 100,000 tonnes,
bioethanol: 902,000 tonnes.
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and BMU/BMELV
[14]; BMELV [15]; BAFA [16]; FNR [60], UFOP [32]; AGQM
[31]
Renewable energy sources in figures
17

AVOIDED EMISSIONS
Emissions avoidEd through usE of rEnEwablE EnErgiEs
in gErmany, 2009
Renewable energies reduce energysector
emissions by taking the place
of fossil fuels in production of electricity,
heat and fuels. All in all, use
of renewable energies in 2009 avoided
some 107 million tonnes of CO 2
emissions and a total of 108 million
tonnes of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4
and N 2 O).
The electricity sector accounted for
about 72 million tonnes of the avoided
greenhouse gases. A reduction
of around 52 million tonnes was
achieved by the renewables-based
electricity subject to payment under
the Renewable Energy Sources Act
(EEG). The greenhouse gas emission
reductions in the heat sector amounted
to about 31 million tonnes, while
Electricity
71.6 million
tonnes
Heat
31.3 million
tonnes
Fuels
5.1 million
tonnes
Electricity
67.7 million
tonnes
Heat
31.1 million
tonnes
Fuels
8.0 million
tonnes
18 Renewable energy sources in figures
those in the fuel sector totalled
about 5 million tonnes.
Discrepancies in the figures emerge
when only the main climate gas,
CO 2 , is considered. In the electricity
and heat sectors, these are primarily
the result of methane emissions related
to fossil-fuel production. In the
transport sector, they are tied partly
to high nitrous oxide emissions in
connection with biomass cultivation.
The present balance takes account of
both avoided emissions from use of
fossil fuels and emissions tied to production
of renewable energies. The
relevant upstream stages of the energy-production
chain are taken into
account in each case.
For electricity and heat, the results
depend significantly on what fossil
fuels are replaced through what renewable
energies. In the area of biogenic
fuels, the type and origin of
the resources used are decisive.
In agricultural cultivation of energy
plants, greenhouse gas emissions
related to direct and indirect
land-use changes – such as clearing
of rain forest and tilling of grasslands
– play an important role. Too
little is known about the scope of
such factors, however, and reliable
calculation methods are still being
developed. For this reason, land-use
changes were not included in the
relevant calculations.
greenhouse gas emissions avoided via use of renewable energies in germany, 2009
5.1
22.2
16.5
29.9 0.4
1.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Greenhouse-gas reductions [mill. tonnes of CO eq.] 2
29.3
3.6
total gg emissions avoided in 2009
(electricity/heat/biofuels):
about 108 million tonnes of Co 2 equivalents
GG avoidance via electricity generation subject
to compensation under the EEG amounted
to 52 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalents
Co 2 emissions avoided via use of renewable energies in germany, 2009
8.0
22.0
15.5
29.5 0.4
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
CO reduction [mill. tonnes of CO ]
2 2
27.0
3.3
total Co 2 emissions avoided in 2009
(electricity/heat/biofuels):
about 107 million tonnes of Co 2
CO 2 avoidance via electricity generation
subject to compensation under the EEG
amounted to 49 million tonnes of CO 2
Biomass
Biofuels
Hydropower
Wind energy
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal en.
Geothermal energy
Sources: UBA, on the basis of
AGEE-Stat and other sources;
cf. pages 19 – 21
Biomass
Biofuels
Hydropower
Wind energy
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal en.
Geothermal energy
Sources: UBA, on the basis of
AGEE-Stat and other sources;
cf. pages 19 – 21

Emissions avoided in the electricity sector in 2009 via use of renewable energies
The types of renewable energies
used to generate electricity include
hydropower, wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy and biomass.
Use of such energies in electricity
generation reduces use of fossil fuels,
which still provide the basis for
the majority of Germany’s electricity
generation. Consequently, electricity
generation from renewable energies
contributes significantly to avoidance
of greenhouse gases and emissions
of acidifying air pollutants in
Germany.
The results reflect both directly
avoided emissions from fossil-fired
power stations and the avoided environmental
pollution related to pro-
duction chains in the fossil-energy
sector. Such avoided total emissions
can by far exceed the emissions tied
to production of renewable energies.
In this connection, the high methane
(CH 4 ) emissions involved in production
of hard coal and natural gas
are particularly significant.
The avoidance factor is the quotient obtained
by dividing avoided emissions (in kg) by
renewables-based electricity generation (in
GWh). It represents the average avoidance of
greenhouse gases and air pollutants per GWh
of renewables-based electricity generated (cf.
Annex for a further explanation).
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other
sources; cf. the following table.
Emissions balance for renewables-based electricity generation, 2009
Greenhouseeffect 1)
Acidification 2)
Ozone 3)
Particulates 4)
Greenhouse gas/
air pollutant
Renewables-based electricity generation:
total: 93,543 GWh
Avoidance factor
[kg/GWh]
Avoided emissions
[1,000 t]
CO 2 724,213 67,745
CH 4 2,119 198
N 2 O -10.5 -1.0
CO 2 equivalent 765,455 71,603
SO 2 360.5 33.7
NO X 129.8 12.1
SO 2 equivalent 450.9 42.2
CO -161.1 -15.1
NMVOC -7.8 -0.7
Particulates -24.1 -2.3
AVOIDED EMISSIONS
CO 2 -avoidance factors for
renewables-based electricity
generation, 2009
Electricity
Avoidance
factor
[kg CO /GWh] 2
Hydropower 814,474
Wind energy 714,138
Photovoltaic power 531,611
Biogenic solid fuels 779,798
Biogenic liquid fuels 607,215
Biogas 628,347
Sewage gas 729,002
Landfill gas 729,002
Biogenic fraction
of waste
786,237
Geothermal energy 523,732
1) Other greenhouse gases (SF , PFC, HFC) are
6
not included.
2) Other air pollutants with potential acidifying
impacts (NH , HCl, HF) are not included.
3
3) NMVOC and CO are important precursor
substances for ground-level ozone, which is
a key contributor to “summer smog”.
4) Here, “particulates” includes total emissions
of suspended solids of all grain sizes. The
calculations are based on the “Gutachten
zur CO -Minderung im Stromsektor durch
2
den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien im Jahr
2006 und 2007” (“Report on CO reduction
2
in the electricity sector via use of renewable
energies in 2006 and 2007”; Klobasa et al.
[88]). Regarding the calculation methods
used, cf. Annex (3).
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of AGEE-Stat and Klobasa
et al. [88]; UBA [99]; Öko-Institut [90]; Ecoinvent [84];
Vogt et al. [89]; Ciroth [83]
Renewable energy sources in figures
19

AVOIDED EMISSIONS
Emissions avoided in the heat sector in 2009 through use of renewable energies
In addition to sunlight and ambient
heat, the most important renewable
energy source for space heating and
water heating in households, and for
industrial process heat, consists of
CO 2 -neutral combustion of biomass.
In such combustion, no more CO 2 is
released than the plants in the biomass
absorbed for their growth.
Renewables-based heat generation
thus plays a significant role in reduction
of greenhouse gas emissions.
This climate protection effect consists
of a) avoided emissions of the
carbon bound in fossil fuels such as
oil, natural gas, hard coal and lignite
and b) avoided emissions (such
as methane emissions) tied to production,
processing and transport of
fossil fuels.
At the same time, it should be noted
that the levels of air pollutants released
in biomass combustion in older
combustion installations, such as
20 Renewable energy sources in figures
tiled stoves and fireview stoves, are
higher than those released in heat
generation with fossil fuels. This applies
especially to emissions of volatile
organic compounds which contribute
to summer smog, to carbon
monoxide and to particulates (all
grain sizes).
On the other hand, such pollution
can be minimized through the use
of modern heating systems and
stoves, as well as through responsible
user behaviour.
The avoidance factor is the quotient obtained
by dividing avoided emissions (in kg) by
renewables-based heat generation (in GWh).
It represents the average avoidance of greenhouse
gases and air pollutants per GWh of
renewables-based heat generated (cf. Annex for
a further explanation).
1) The avoided CO emissions were derived on
2
the basis of the avoided CO equivalents.
2
2) Including other ambient heat.
Emissions balance for renewables-based heat supply, 2009
Greenhouseeffect 1)
Acidification 2)
Ozone 3)
Particulates 4)
Greenhouse gas/
air pollutant
Renewables-based heat supply:
total: 115,006 GWh
Avoidance factor
[kg/GWh]
Avoided emissions
[1,000 t]
CO 2 270,038 31,056
CH 4 287.0 33.0
N 2 O -11.5 -1.3
CO equivalent
2 272,514 31,341
SO 2 202.2 23.3
NO X -130.3 -15.0
SO equivalent
2 111.5 12.8
CO -4,676.9 -537.9
NMVOC -231.7 -26.6
Particulates -182.6 -21.0
CO 2 -avoidance factors
for renewables-based
heat generation, 2009
Heat
Avoidance
factor
[kg CO /GWh] 2
Biogenic solid fuels
(households)
296,536
Biogenic solid fuels
(industry)
273,965
Biogenic solid fuels
(CHP/HP)
272,539
Biogenic liquid fuels 254,217
Biogas 227,243
Sewage gas 287,644
Landfill gas 287,644
Biogenic fraction
of waste
278,038
Solar thermal energy 218,473
Deep geothermal energy 1) 59,053
Near-surface geothermal
energy 2)
78,259
Sources: BMU, on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other
sources; cf. the following table.
1) Other greenhouse gases (SF , PFC, HFC) are
6
not included.
2) Other air pollutants with potential acidifying
impacts (NH , HCl, HF) are not included.
3
3) NMVOC and CO are important precursor
substances for ground-level ozone, which is
a key contributor to “summer smog”.
4) Here, “particulates” includes total emissions
of suspended solids of all grain sizes.
Regarding the calculation methods used, cf.
Annex (4).
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of AGEE-Stat and Frondel
et al. [87]; UBA [99]; Öko-Institut [90]; Ecoinvent [84];
Vogt et al. [89]; Ciroth [83]; AGEB [2], [73]

Emissions avoided in the transport sector in 2009 through use of renewable energies
Production and use of biofuels generate
emissions throughout a range
of areas that includes biomass cultivation
and harvest, biomass processing,
fuel combustion in engines and
– to a lesser degree – related transports.
Fertilisation is an especially
important factor in cultivation, leading
to emissions of climate-relevant
nitrous-oxide (N 2 O) and acidifying
ammonia (NH 3 ). As a result of the
high levels of NH 3 emissions, acidification
tied to use of biofuels is higher
than that connected with the use
of conventional fuels. The balance
takes account of fossil-based processenergy
requirements for production
of biofuels, as well as of required
auxiliary substances (such as fossilbased
methanol).
Looking at the sum total of greenhouse
gases, the emission levels depend
heavily on the raw materials
used and thus also on the origin and
emission factors of the biofuels.
Currently, the highest specific green-
house gas reductions are being
achieved in this area via use of vegetable
oils, followed by use of bioethanol
and biodiesel.
As described on page 18, for reasons
related to the methods used, greenhouse
gas emissions from land-use
changes tied to agricultural cultivation
of energy crops for biofuels
production cannot yet be taken into
account.
Emissions balance for renewables-based fuel supply, 2009
greenhouseeffect
1)
greenhouse gas/
air pollutant
avoidance factor
[kg/gWh]
biogenic fuels:
total: 33,763 gWh
avoided emissions
[1,000 t]
CO 2)
2 236,201 7,975
co 2 equivalent 150,649 5,086
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of AGEE-Stat and EP/ER [85]; BR [79]; BR [80]; BDBe [82]; VDB [81] [98] and [142], OVID
[77]; TFZ [91], Greenpeace [78], BLE [103], Federal Statistical Office [104] and [134]
AVOIDED EMISSIONS
avoidance factors for
renewables-based fuel supply,
2009
avoidance factors
[kg/gWh]
Transport co co eq.
2 2
Biodiesel 226,904 144,719
Vegetable oil 275,447 175,680
Bioethanol 265,914 169,600
The avoidance factor is the quotient obtained
by dividing avoided emissions (in kg) by
renewables-based fuel production (in GWh). It
represents the average avoidance of greenhouse
gases and air pollutants per GWh of renewables-based
fuel generated. It takes account of
the relevant upstream production chains and
the different types of biomass concerned, and is
based on allocation for purposes of differentiation
by primary and secondary products, on the
basis of the lower net calorific value.
1) For greenhouse gas emissions, only CO , CH 2 4
and N O have been taken into account here;
2
other greenhouse gases (SF , PFC, HFC) have
6
not been included.
2) The avoided CO emissions were derived on
2
the basis of the avoided CO equivalents.
2
The greenhouse gas balance depends on
numerous parameters, including the biomass
used, the processes used, the reference systems
selected and the allocation method used. The
data obtained are thus subject to uncertainty.
Regarding the calculation methods used, cf.
Annex (5).
Renewable energy sources in figures
21

ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS
DEvEloPMENT oF ENERgy-RElaTED EMISSIoNS IN gERMaNy,
1990 To 2008
co 2 ch 4 N 2 o
22 Renewable energy sources in figures
co 2 equivalent 1)
So 2
No 2)
X
Nh 3
So 2 equivalent 3)
co NMvoc Particulates
[mill. t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [mill. t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t]
1990 950 1,549 25 990 5,146 2,709 15 7,089 11,476 2,204 1,362
1991 917 1,459 24 955 3,833 2,498 16 5,633 9,310 1,714 750
1992 872 1,321 23 907 3,119 2,347 17 4,816 8,014 1,489 480
1993 864 1,353 23 899 2,781 2,243 18 4,410 7,239 1,233 330
1994 844 1,216 23 877 2,317 2,106 18 3,852 6,262 961 218
1995 842 1,166 23 853 1,650 1,998 19 3,112 5,959 860 154
1996 869 1,143 23 900 1,388 1,917 20 2,797 5,604 768 146
1997 833 1,127 23 864 1,144 1,836 20 2,496 5,430 705 143
1998 827 1,017 22 856 905 1,750 20 2,199 5,052 637 132
1999 804 1,085 22 833 723 1,719 20 1,993 4,706 561 128
2000 802 1,025 22 830 534 1,619 19 1,732 4,389 473 121
2001 823 950 22 850 536 1,549 19 1,686 4,146 442 120
2002 808 913 21 834 494 1,459 19 1,579 3,852 395 115
2003 805 847 21 830 479 1,396 18 1,519 3,651 356 113
2004 791 773 21 813 462 1,347 18 1,466 3,438 331 111
2005 774 747 21 796 437 1,292 17 1,401 3,237 304 107
2006 779 717 21 801 440 1,296 17 1,404 3,213 295 107
2007 749 682 21 770 412 1,228 15 1,324 3,154 277 102
2008 752 680 20 773 406 1,169 16 1,278 3,156 270 99
As of spring 2010; figures include fugitive
emissions from extraction, transformation and
distribution of fuels
Energy-related CO 2 emissions were
198 million tonnes lower in 2008
than they were in 1990. This corresponds
to a decrease in CO 2 emissions
of about 20 %.
Total energy-related greenhouse gas
emissions were lowered by nearly
22 % by 2008.
1) Includes CO , CH and N O
2 4 2
2) Calculated as NO2 3) Includes SO , NO and NH 2 X 3
In addition, emissions of energy-
related air pollutants have been
significantly reduced since 1990.
These decreases are the result of
greater reliance on natural gas,
which has lower emissions, and of
enhancements in the conversion
efficiency of power stations and
With regard to the significance and calculation
of CO 2 - and SO 2 -equivalents, cf. Annex (2).
Source: UBA [94]
combustion systems. Intensive expansion
of renewable energies has
also been a significant factor.
Renewable energies have been meeting
ever-larger shares of final energy
consumption, thereby reducing consumption
of fossil fuels.

ENERgy-RElaTED EMISSIoNS IN gERMaNy,
by SouRcE gRouPS, 2008
co 2 equivalent 5)
co 2 ch 4 N 2 o So 2
No 6)
x
Nh 3
So 2 equivalent 7)
STRUCTURE OF EMISSIONS
co NMvoc Particulates
[mill. t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [mill. t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t] [1,000 t]
Energy industry 1) 351.8 86.6 12.2 357.4 267.6 311.7 2.6 489.3 157.6 14.1 12.7
Residential/commercial/
institutional 2)
152.2 32.1 1.8 153.4 74.9 141.2 2.9 178.7 978.8 57.5 32.3
Transport 3) 152.3 6.9 3.3 153.5 1.3 629.7 9.0 456.6 1,257.0 126.6 47.7
Industry 4) 94.5 26.5 2.7 95.9 45.3 86.1 1.1 107.4 753.8 5.2 4.1
Total 750.8 152.2 20.0 760.2 389.1 1,168.7 15.7 1,232.0 3,147.3 203.4 96.8
As of spring 2010; figures do not include fugitive
emissions from extraction, transformation
and distribution of fuels.
1) Public electricity and heat supply; district
heating installations; and industry combustion
systems and industrial power stations
in the sectors oil refining and processing,
extraction and processing of solid fuels and
other energy industries
breakdown, by relevant shares,
of greenhouse gas emissions
in germany, 2008
20.2 %
47.0 %
12.6 %
Total:
760 million
tonnes of
CO 2 equivalent
2) Private households; commerce, trade
services; and military, including agricultural
and forestry transports and military ground
and air transports
3) Including railway transports, national
aviation and coastal and inland shipping
4) Manufacturing; not including processrelated
emissions
20.2 %
Industry
Transport 1)
Energy industry
Residential,
commercial and
institutional 2)
1) Including rail transport, national aviation and coastal and inland shipping
2) Including military
Source: UBA [94]
5) Includes CO , CH and N O
2 4 2
6) Calculated as NO2 7) Includes SO , NO and NH 2 X 3
Sources: UBA [94]
breakdown, by relevant shares,
of acidifying emissions (So 2 equivalents)
in germany, 2008
39.7 %
14.5 %
Total:
1.2 million
tonnes of
SO 2 equivalent
8.7 %
37.1 %
Renewable energy sources in figures
23

SECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLY
FoSSIl FuElS aND ENERgy IMPoRTS SavED
vIa ThE uSE oF RENEWablE ENERgIES
IN gERMaNy, 2009
Primary energy savings resulting from use of renewable energies
lignite hard coal Natural gas
24 Renewable energy sources in figures
Petroleum/
heating oil
Diesel fuel Petrol Total
Electricity 34.4 134.8 46.6
Primary energy [TWh]
2.5 – – 218.3
Heat 8.9 10.8 59.6 46.6 – – 125.9
Transport – – – – 18.1 5.7 23.8
Total 43.3 145.6 106.2 49.1 18.1 5.7 368.0
Total 155.9 524.2 382.4
Primary energy [PJ]
176.8 65.0 20.6 1,324.9
Which corres-
ponds to 1):
16.6
mill. t 2)
17.4
mill. t 3)
Fossil-fuel savings calculated in a manner similar
to that used for balancing emissions; cf. also
Annex (6).
1) The following net calorific values, derived
by the Working Group on Energy Balances
(AGEB) 2007, were used in conversion of
saved primary energy: lignite, 2.506 kWh/kg;
lignite briquettes, 5.452 kWh/kg; coal dust,
The table shows the specific savings
of fossil fuels resulting from use of
renewable energies in the areas of
electricity, heat and transport in
Source: Same as for previous table
1) Not including imported lignite for heating
purposes (briquettes). Import shares for oil
and natural gas pursuant to [BMWi]. For
steam coal, the import share is 100 %, since
the firm contracts in place for supply of
German hard coal do not allow any reduction
of that share. Savings in the area
of steam coal thus lead to reductions of
hard-coal imports. Overall, the import share
for hard coal is over 60 %. Import prices
pursuant to [BAFA].
2) Gross figures, i.e. not including imports of
biogenic fuels
Source: ISI et al. [55]
12,049
mill. m 3
4,946
mill. litres
6.096 kWh/kg; hard coal, 8.393 kWh/kg,
hard-coal coke, 7.958 kWh/kg; natural gas,
8.816 kWh/m3 ; heating oil, light,
9.928 kWh/litre; diesel fuel,
9.964 kWh/litre; petrol, 9.011 kWh/litre.
2) Includes about 16 million tonnes of lignite,
about 0.2 million tonnes of lignite briquettes
and about 0.3 million tonnes of coal dust
2009. Since Germany imports a large
share of its fossil fuels, i.e. oil, natural
gas and hard coal (all non-renewable
energy resources), such savings
1,812
mill. litres
635
mill. litres
3) Includes about 17.2 million tonnes of hard
coal and about 0.2 million tonnes of hardcoal
coke
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of AGEE-Stat and Klobasa
et al. [88]; Frondel et al. [87]; Öko-Institut [90]; Ecoinvent
[84]; Vogt et al. [89]; Frick et al. [86]; and other
sources – cf. the tables on pages 19 – 21
also directly reduce German energy
imports. As a result of marked energy
price decreases, these imports
were down from the previous year.
Trends in fossil-fuel savings resulting from use of renewable energies
Electricity heat
Transport Total
[TWh]
2008 219.0 116.4 26.9 362.3
2009 218.3 125.9 23.8 368.0
Development of savings on energy import costs in germany 1)
Electricity heat Transport
[billion EuR]
Total
2008 3.0 3.1 1.1 7.2 2)
2009 2.2 2.7 0.8 5.7 2)

gRoSS valuE aDDED achIEvED WITh RENEWablE ENERgIES
IN gERMaNy, 2009
In recent years, renewable energies
have become a significant economic
factor, as they proved in the economic
crisis year of 2009. Notwithstanding
the extremely difficult economic
climate, investments in instal-
Hydropower
Geoth. energy 1)
Solar thermal en.
Biomass heat
Biomass electricity
Wind energy
Photovoltaics
lations for use of renewable energies
increased by almost 31 % over the
previous year, while almost all other
sectors registered dramatic decreases.
As a result, the renewable energies
sector was able to steer clear
Investments in construction of renewable energy installations
in germany, 2009
70 mill. EUR
1,000 mill. EUR
1,250 mill. EUR
1,350 mill. EUR
1,700 mill. EUR
2,650 mill. EUR
Total:
about 20.0 bn. EuR
GROSS VALUE ADDED
of the general downward trend. It
should also be noted that a good
82 % of investments were made in
electricity generating plants supported
under the EEG.
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
This primarily concerns the
construction of new plants and,
to a lesser extent, the expansion
or upgrading of existing
plants, such as the reactivation
of old hydropower plants.
Besides investments of power
supply companies, commercial,
industrial and residential
investments are included too.
12,000 mill. EUR
[mill. EUR]
1) Large installations and heat pumps Source: BMU, pursuant to [1]
Geoth. energy
Hydropower
Biogenic solid fuels 1)
Photovoltaics
Wind energy
Biofuels
Biomass electricity
value added from operation of renewable energy installations
in germany, 2009
3 mill. EUR
1,350 mill. EUR
1,700 mill. EUR
Total:
about 16.0 bn. EuR
2,950 mill. EUR
3,000 mill. EUR
3,150 mill. EUR
3,850 mill. EUR
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
[mill. EUR]
For explanations, cf. Annex (7).
1) Only fuels used exclusively for heat production Source: BMU, pursuant to ZSW [1]
Renewable energy sources in figures
25

GROSS VALUE ADDED
For electricity generation the turnover
is determined on the basis of
feed-in tariffs paid pursuant to the
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG),
Geoth. energy 1)
Hydropower
Wind energy
Biomass
Solar energy 2)
26 Renewable energy sources in figures
or from the prices attainable on the
open electricity market; for fuels, it
is obtained from statistics on sale of
biofuels. In the area of heat produc-
tion, only sale of fuels (i.e. as a rule,
wood) contributes to turnover, since
most of the heat produced is used by
producers themselves rather than sold.
value added from investments in and operation of renewable energy installations
in germany, 2009
0
1,003 mill. EUR
1,420 mill. EUR
5,650 mill. EUR
Total:
about 36.0 bn. EuR
11,750 mill. EUR
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
16,200 mill. EUR
18,000
[mill. EUR]
Investments and operation
1) Large installations and heat pumps
2) Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems Source: BMU, pursuant to ZSW [1]
[Billion EUR]
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
18.1
7.8
10.3
Development of the value added from renewable energies
in germany, 2005 to 2009
Investments in renewable-energies installations
Added value created via operation of installations
22.4
11.3
11.1
25.5
14.5
11.0
2005 2006
2007
2008
2009
30.6
15.3
15.3
36.0
16.0
20.0
Source: BMU, pursuant to ZSW [1]

EMPloyMENT IN gERMaNy’S RENEWablE ENERgIES SEcToR
Renewable energies are becoming
more important as an economic factor
in Germany. This growing significance
is apparent in the form of
increasing investments in installations
and production capacities and
in continuing employment growth
in the sector. This development remained
stable throughout the economic
crisis – in contrast to the situation
in nearly all other economic
sectors.
According to interim results of an
ongoing BMU research project [128],
in 2009 the renewable energies sector
accounted for more than 300,000
jobs in Germany. This represents an
increase of over 87 % compared to
2004 (which showed some 160,000
jobs). Thus, the sector’s workforce increased
by about 8 % over the previous
year. An initial allocation by
region indicates that nearly a quarter
of the sector’s employees work
in eastern Germany, an increase of
about 10 % over the previous year.
Western German Länder have a
Sectors
9,000
9,300
9,500
9,300
9,100
1,800
6,500
4,300
3,400
25,100
Hydropower
Geoth. energy
number of advantages as a result of
their natural conditions (solar energy
in the south of Germany) and
their established supply industries.
The calculation of the above figures
took account of investments in renewable
energy installations; expenditures
for operation, exports
and imports of such installations;
relevant required advance services
(such as provision of required biomass)
and related advance services
by other industrial sectors. To those
figures must be added work funded
by the public and non-profit sectors
to promote renewable energies, including
relevant work carried out by
civil service employees. The figures
for the last group have been partly
updated in light of increases in relevant
public funding. In 2009, it comprised
6,500 employees. Thus for
the year 2009 a total of 300,500 jobs
were recorded. Of those, somewhat
more than two-thirds (68 %) can be
attributed to the effects of the Renewable
Energy Sources Act (EEG).
Employees in germany’s renewable energies sector
56,800
Persons employed via public-sector/
non-profit funding
63,900
79,600
74,400
87,100
85,100
95,800
Solar energy
Wind energy
109,000
Biomass
Renewable energy sources in figures
JOBS
The study finds that the positive
trend is likely to continue in the
coming years. It indicates that the
renewable energies sector’s workforce
could amount to at least
400,000 employees by the year 2020
[125 – 128]. The key factors influencing
the further development include
a) Germany’s continuing attractiveness
as a production location and
b) German companies’ favourable
position in the world market for renewable
energies, a market that continues
to grow in spite of the current
financial and economic crisis. Another
BMU research project currently
underway is examining in detail
the possible negative employment
effects of the expansion of renewable
energies. Initial results indicate
that renewable energies’ “net balance”
in Germany remains clearly
positive [128].
Further information on this topic
is available at the BMU theme page
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.
de/inhalt/40289.
The figures for 2008 and 2009
are provisional estimates
Sources: BMU [125 – 128]
160,500
jobs
2004
Increase in 2009
compared to 2008: about 8 %
278,000
jobs
2008
300,500
jobs
2009
27

COSTS FOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMERS
SuPPoRT uNDER ThE EEg aND coST
aPPoRTIoNMENT To ElEcTRIcITy PRIcES
At present in Germany, renewably
generated electricity eligible for
feed-in payments under the Renewable
Energy Sources Act (EEG) is still
more expensive on average than
electricity generated from fossil fuels
or nuclear energy 1) . This leads to support
costs. Via “EEG apportionment”,
such costs are passed on to electricity
customers as part of electricity
prices. Over 500 electricity-
intensive enterprises in the manufacturing
sector, and railway operators,
benefit from a special equalisation
scheme under the EEG whereby they
are largely exempt from such cost
apportionment [38]. To compensate
for such exemptions the EEG-related
costs of all other electricity customers
have been increased; this increase
is currently nearly 20 %.
Development through 2009
Through 2009, electricity suppliers
were responsible for calculating and
passing on cost apportionments under
the EEG. Such suppliers received
EEG electricity from transmission
system operators (TSO), in the framework
of nationally standardised
mandatory acceptance quotas, and
paid nationally standardised EEGbased
average tariffs for it. For suppliers,
these quotas and fixed payment
levels have resulted in “EEG
differential costs”, which represent
the difference between the EEG’s
fixed average tariffs and the procurement
prices for conventionally
generated electricity replaced by
EEG electricity. Such EEG support
costs varied from supplier to supplier,
depending on the different procurement
terms. Since the terms for
passing on such costs have not been
standardised, assessments of the average
EEG costs throughout Germany
are only possible with the help of
assumptions regarding the average
procurement prices for all electricity
suppliers. Such assumptions have
normally been based on the electricity
prices on electricity exchanges.
In the past, different methodologies
for making assumptions regarding
28 Renewable energy sources in figures
“applicable prices” for EEG electricity
have led to different conclusions
regarding the level of EEG differential
costs and/or EEG cost apportionment.
For 2009, the cost of the non-renewably
generated electricity replaced
by electricity fed into the grid on
the basis of the EEG can be assumed
to be 6.9 cents per kWh [IfnE 7].
With an expected EEG-electricity
volume of about 71.7 TWh, and an
average tariff of about 13.4 cents
per kWh, the resulting support costs
would be about 4.7 billion euros.
This is similar to the support cost
levels of previous years, and is considerably
lower than the EEG-based
payments made in 2009 to operators
of EEG-based electricity generating
installations (9.9 billion euros; cf.
page 30).
The resulting average EEG apportionment
in 2009 for electricity customers
not benefiting from the special
equalisation scheme is about
1.2 cents/kWh. This is equivalent to
about 5 % of the rate for one kilowatt-hour
of houshold electricity in
2009. For a sample household that
uses 3,500 kWh of electricity per
year, the EEG cost apportionment
thus amounts to about 3.40 euros
per month [7].
outlook for 2010
The above-described procedure for
apportioning EEG costs changes considerably
as of 2010. Pursuant to the
Ordinance on the further development
of the nationwide equalisation
scheme compensation mechanism
(“Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung
des bundesweiten Ausgleichsmechanismus
im EEG”; AusglMechV), which
entered into force in summer 2009,
all of the electricity paid for under
the EEG will now be sold on the electricity
exchange. In each case by
15 October, each transmission system
operator is now required to
submit an estimate for the coming
year of the expecting resulting costs.
Such estimates will include items
previously accounted for under the
grid-use charges. At the end of each
year the TSO will determine, on the
basis of their actual income and expenditures,
the extent to which their
estimates were accurate. Any over-
or undercoverage will then be taken
into account in the following year 2) .
1) The reasons for this include the fact that
relevant business calculations fail to take
account of certain significant benefits. A
comprehensive, macroeconomic consideration
can produce a different picture; cf. in
this regard the section beginning on p. 33.
2) For 2010, TSO expect to make payments
totalling 12.6 billion euros to operators of
renewable energy installations. On that basis,
they expect apportionable support costs
of about 8.2 billion euros. In light of that
figure, an EEG cost apportionment of about
2 cents per kilowatt-hour has been calculated.
For relevant background information, as
well as information about the EEG’s impacts
on household electricity prices, cf. ÜNB [95]
and BMU [102].
Development of EEg costs for nonprivileged
electricity customers
year
EEg costs
[bn. EuR]
2000 1.0
2001 1.2
2002 1.8
2003 1.9
2004 2.5
2005 2.8
2006 3.3
2007 4.3
2008 4.5
2009 4.7
In 2009 prices
Source: IfnE [145]

Turnover tax
Electricity tax
Concession levy
EEG
CHP Act
Generation, transportation,
distribution
composition of the average price for one kilowatt-hour (kWh)
of electricity for household customers in germany
[Cent/kWh]
25
20
15
10
5
0
14.3
16.1
17.2
18.6
COSTS FOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMERS
2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Turnover tax 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.4 3.7
Electricity tax
1.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Concession levy
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
EEG
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2
CHP Act 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
Generation, transportation, distribution 8.6 9.7 10.2 11.2 11.8 12.2 13.0 14.2
Total
14.3 16.1 17.2 18.6 19.4 20.7 21.6 23.2
Merit order effect
The so-called “merit order effect”
must be taken into account in any
analysis of the impacts of renewable
energies and, especially, of the Renewable
Energy Sources Act (EEG),
on electricity prices. Merit order effect
refers to the impact that priority
feed-in of renewably generated
electricity – especially electricity
generated with wind energy – has
on wholesale electricity prices. Since
the demand for conventionally generated
electricity decreases as a result,
under a merit-order system the
most expensive of the power stations
that would otherwise be used are no
longer needed for meeting demand.
This causes the price on electricity
exchanges to fall. While revenues
of electricity producers decrease as
a result, suppliers and – depending
on market circumstances – electricity
consumers enjoy price reductions.
A number of scientific studies,
including studies commissioned by
the BMU [for the most recent, cf. 53]
have shown that the merit order effect
has been highly significant in
the past, even when assessed in light
of conservative assumptions (2008:
3.6 – 4 billion euros; calculations for
Impacts of the merit order effect
Simulated EEg-based
electricity generation
19.4
20.7
21.6
23.2
Source: BMU [36] and [102]; IfnE [7]
2009 are not yet available). Electricity-intensive
enterprises that are privileged
under the EEG’s special equalisation
scheme are thus likely to be
the major beneficiaries of this effect:
while their EEG cost apportionment is
limited to 0.05 cents/kWh, as specialcontract
customers they are normally
the first to profit from decreasing
prices on the electricity exchange.
Reduction of the
Phelix Day base
Merit order effect
year [TWh] [EuR/MWh] [bn. EuR]
2006 52.2 – 5.0
2007 62.5 5.8 3.7
2008 69.3 5.8 – 6.7 3.6 – 4.0
Source: BMU [53]
Renewable energy sources in figures
29

ELECTRICITY FEED-IN/EEG
Feed-in and FeeS under the act on the Sale oF electricity
to the Grid (StreG) and the renewable enerGy SourceS
act (eeG) Since 1991
[TWh]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
StrEG
as of 1 January 1991
1.0 1.3 1.6 2.3 2.8 3.7 4.8 6.8 7.9
1991
Total electricity from renewable energies
30 Renewable energy sources in figures
Feed-in of electricity remunerated under the StrEG
Feed-in of electricity remunerated under the EEG 1)
Fees
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
EEG
as of 1 April 2000
10.4
3.5
1999
2000
18.1
2001
2002
EEG 2004
as of 1 August 2004
25.0 28.4
38.5
44.0
51.5
67.0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
New EEG 2009
as of 1 January 2009
71.1 71.7
2008
2009
1) Private and public feed-in Sources: VDEW [30]; VDN [33], BDEW [23], [24]; ZSW [1]
Structure of electricity quantities paid for under the eeG since 2000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2000 1) 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 7)
total end consumption [GWh] 344,663 465,346 487,627 495,203 493,506 470,000
Privileged end consumption 2) [GWh] – – 36,865 70,161 77,991 70,000
total remunerated eeG electricity 3) [Gwh] 10,391.0 24,969.9 38,511.2 51,545.2 71,147.9 71,715
Hydropower, gases 4) [GWh] 4,114.0 6,579.3 4,616.1 4,923.9 4,981.5 4,766
Gases 4) [GWh] 2,588.6 2,789.2 2,208.2 2,397
Biomass [GWh] 586.0 2,442.0 5,241.0 10,901.6 18,947.0 20,525
Geothermal energy [GWh] – – 0.2 0.4 17.6 19
Wind energy [GWh] 5,662.0 15,786.2 25,508.8 30,709.9 40,573.7 37,809
Solar irradiation energy [GWh] 29.0 162.4 556.5 2,220.3 4,419.8 6,200
eeG quota 5) [%] 3.01 5.37 8.48 12.01 17.13 17.8
average fee [ct/kwh] 8.50 8.91 9.29 10.88 12.25 13.4
total fee 6) [bn. eur] 0.88 2.23 3.61 5.81 9.02 9.9
Non-remunerated
renewables-based electricity
total renewables-based
electricity
1) Partial year: 01.04.- 31.12.2000
2) Final consumption privileged, since July
2003, under the EEG’s special equalisation
scheme
3) This does not include subsequent corrections
of the VDN (2002 through 2006), since
the additional feed-in in previous years,
[GWh] 26,826.4 20,677.6 17,540.4 19,941.4 22,121.7 21,827.6
[Gwh] 37,217.4 45,647.5 56,051.6 71,486.6 93,269.6 93,542.6
pursuant to auditors’ certifications, cannot
be allocated to specific energy sources
4) Landfill gas, sewage gas and mine gas listed
separately for the first time in 2004
5) Quota for non-privileged final consumption
6) Total payments, without deduction of
avoided grid-use charges. The payments
0
[mill. EUR]
listed here differ considerably from the differential
costs (cf. the following pages).
7) Provisional figures pursuant to calculations
of “Ingenieurbüro für neue Energien”
Further information is available at the Website
of the BDEW e.V.: www.bdew.de.
Sources: VDN [33]; BDEW [23], [24]; ZSW [1], IfnE 7]

MARKET INTRODUCTION
EXPaNDINg uSE oF RENEWablE ENERgIES IN ThE hEaT SEcToR:
lEgISlaTIoN, PRoMoTIoN aND IMPacTS
The act on the Promotion of
Renewable Energies in the
heat Sector
In light of the heat market’s enormous
importance, increases in the
use of renewable energies in this
field play a central role: the heat
market accounts for nearly 55 %
of Germany’s final energy requirements.
The key instrument for increasing
renewable energies’ share of the
heat market is the Act on the Promotion
of Renewable Energies in the
Heat Sector (EEWärmeG), applied in
conjunction with the government’s
Market Incentive Programme (MAP).
The Act entered into force on 1 January
2009.
The EEWärmeG stipulates that by
2020 at least 14 % of Germany’s heat
requirements must be met by renewable
energies. The aim is to reduce
the energy sector’s CO 2 emissions,
conserve resources and contribute
to the establishment of a secure and
sustainable energy supply. In addition
to providing incentives for intensifying
expansion of local and
district heating networks, the Act
has two main thrusts.
Firstly, owners of buildings constructed
as of 1 January 2009 must
comply with certain minimum renewable
energy quotas in meeting
their buildings’ heating requirements.
The quotas may be met with
all forms of renewable energies that
can produce heat, and combinations
of different renewable energy sources
are allowed. In meeting their obligations,
building owners may thus
use heat from solar thermal, geothermal,
ambient heat or biomassbased
systems. Other climate-beneficial
measures, so-called “substitute
measures”, may be used instead of
renewable energies. Under that option,
obligations may be met via use
of heat from combined heat-power
(CHP) installations, waste heat or
heat from district heating systems.
Owners may also opt for thermal insulation
that exceeds the basic requirements
of the Energy Saving
Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung).
The costs of such obligations
and their fulfillment are paid by the
builders/owners of new buildings.
Builders/owners must bear any added
costs resulting from the obligation
to use renewable energies or to
carry out substitute measures. Such
costs, which result directly from differences
in the costs for different
types of heat generation, can possibly
be compensated for – depending
on technology and cost-effectiveness
– through savings resulting from
lower demand for fossil fuels.
The second major thrust of the EE-
WärmeG consists of financial support.
The EEWärmeG now provides
the legal framework for support
under the Market Incentive Programme
(MAP), which has been in
place since 1999. The MAP, the German
Government’s central instrument
for promoting renewable energies
in the heat market, triggers
investments for the construction of
installations for producing heat from
renewable energies.
The EEWärmeG explicitly sets out
that the German Government financially
supports use of renewable energies
for heat production through
the MAP. The relevant funding is obtained
from tax revenues and from
the Climate Initiative of the Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(BMU), a programme launched
in 2008. This initiative is financed
through the auctioning of emission
allowances. With this approach, financial
support in the heat sector
differs fundamentally from the support
provided in the electricity sector
under the Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG), which finances
feed-in payments for renewablesbased
electricity via cost apportionment
to electricity consumers.
The Market Incentive Programme
The MAP is implemented through
administrative regulations that define
the relevant eligibilities and requirements
pertaining to support. These
administrative regulations differentiate
two avenues of support:
Investment cost subsidies provided
by the Federal Office of Economics
and Export Control (BAFA) for smaller
installations (installed, in most cases
by private investors); and low-interest
loans with redemption subsidies provided
in the framework of KfW’s
“Renewable Energies” programme
(“Premium” programme part) for
larger installations (in most cases,
installations of commercial and communal
investors).
The details of such support are set out
in support guidelines.
From January 2000 through May
2010, under the BAFA support some
975,000 solar thermal systems and
some 245,000 small biomass-fired
heating systems were funded with
investment cost subsidies. The investments
triggered by these subsidies
amounted to about 8.1 billion euros
in the “solar” segment and about
3.5 billion euros in the “biomass”
segment.
At the beginning of 2008 a “heat
pump” support segment was added
to the MAP, i.e. offered in addition to
the “solar” and “biomass” segments.
From January 2008 through May
2010, investment cost subsidies were
provided for some 56,000 efficient
heat pumps. The volume of investments
triggered by the subsidies
amounted to about 982 million euros.
Under the KfW support, some 6,500
low-interest loans with redemption
subsidies were provided from early
1999 through May 2010. The loans,
which totalled about 1.33 billion euros,
were approved for a range of systems,
including heat networks, deep
Renewable energy sources in figures
31

MARKET INTRODUCTION
geothermal systems and biogas pipelines.
Of the 6,500 loans approved,
some 2,120 were approved in 2009,
the “record year” for the MAP.
In 2009, almost all of the available
funding for the MAP was used. With
a funding volume of about 423 million
euros, the programme triggered
investments of over 3 billion euros.
Information about investment cost
subsidies in the framework of the
[mill. EUR]
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
359
47
873
136
32 Renewable energy sources in figures
Market Incentive Programme is
available from the Federal Office
of Economics and Export Control
(BAFA), Tel. 06196 908-625,
www.bafa.de (under “Energie/
Erneuerbare Energien”).
Enquiries relating to low-interest
loans for commercial or municipal
applicants under the Market Incentive
Programme may be directed to
the information centre of KfW-Bank-
available funding and initiated investment volumes
in the Market Incentive Programme since 2000
Investment volume
Of which funding volume
979
117
633
102
890
125
1,713
1,499 150
1,220 165
131
engruppe, at Tel. 01801 335577
(3.9 cents/minute from Deutsche
Telekom’s fixed network; mobile
calls cost a maximum of 42 cents/
minute),
http://www.kfw-mittelstandsbank.de
under „Förderkredite/Umweltschutz/
KfW-Programm Erneuerbare Energien”.
1,635
236
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
As of: January 2010 Source: BMU – KI III 2
biofuels: promotion and
relevant legislation
Since 2007, addition of biofuels to
fossil fuels has been promoted in accordance
with quotas set out by the
Biofuel Quota Act (BioKraftQuG),
while pure biofuels not subject to
such quotas are eligible for degressively
structured tax breaks. As of
2010, support pursuant to the Biofuel
Sustainability Ordinance will
be contingent on whether production
of relevant fuel demonstrably
meets certain criteria for sustainable
cultivation. As part of the specific
provisions of this requirement, bio-
fuels will only be eligible for crediting
against applicable quotas, or for
tax breaks, if their greenhouse gas
reduction potential is at least 35 %.
Thus, as of 2015, the biofuels quota
will also be oriented to greenhouse
gas reduction.
Biofuels’ share of total fuel consumption
in Germany (excluding aviation)
in 2009 was 5.5 %, thereby exceeding
the applicable legal quota of
5.25 %. As of 2010, the quota has increased
to 6.25 %.
3,045
423
Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable
sources lays down a binding
minimum renewables’ share in
final energy consumption in the
transport sector of at least 10 % by
2020, for all Member States. Sustainability
standards must also be introduced.
However, this quota does not
have to be met solely via use of biofuels;
the renewable energies’ share
of electromobility is also credited.

AVOIDED ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
hoW SocIETy bENEFITS FRoM uSE oF RENEWablE ENERgIES
The preceding pages have already
presented information about the
positive effects that the expansion of
the use of renewable energies has on
investments, turnover, employment
and progress toward reducing energy
imports and their costs. The following
section describes additional
relevant positive effects.
Reduction of environmental
damage/avoided external
costs
Compared to energy generation
from fossil fuels, use of renewable
energies releases considerably lower
levels of greenhouse gases and air
pollutants. Renewables thus contribute
significantly to environmental
protection. Their contribution in this
regard can be evaluated in monetary
terms as a positive effect and in
a systems analysis compared to the
costs of the increasing use of renewable
energies. The complex methodological
issues that arise in such
a comparison have been examined
in various studies, including studies
The assumed costs used to evaluate in
monetary terms the environmental damage
caused by emissions are obtained
from the sum
ó climate change-related costs,
including harvest losses, land losses,
impacts on health and water
resources, ecosystem damage, etc.
and
ó air-pollutant-related health damage,
harvest losses, material damages
and impairments of biodiversity.
The basic aim in determining damagecost
estimates for individual emitted
gases is to tally future damage, caused
by current emissions, in terms of today’s
costs.
for the Federal Environment Agency
[106] and the BMU [most recently:
53]. The “best estimate” for the climate
damage avoided through the
use of renewable energies is currently
placed at 70 euros/t CO 2 .
On this basis, the figures on page
34 show the costs of environmental
damage resulting from emissions
of conventional greenhouse gases
(according to IPCC; not including
“black carbon”) and air pollutants.
The costs are shown monetarily, as
cents per kWh, for the main options
for producing electricity and heat.
Overall, fossil-based heat/power generation
entails considerably higher
environmental damage than that related
to renewables-based heat and
electricity. The environmental damage
is compared to companies’ expenditures
for CO 2 emission allowances,
which electricity producers
– and, to a lesser extent – heat producers
normally incur in procuring
such allowances. The costs of such
allowances are designed to compensate
at least partly for the environmental
damage caused. The costs for
the allowances thus lead to partial
internalisation of the environmental
damage, although the internalisation
levels pale by comparison to the
damage caused.
Pursuant to [55], in 2009 use of renewable
energies in the electricity
and heat sectors prevented about
7.8 billion euros worth of environmental
damage. Renewables-based
electricity generation contributed
about 5.7 billion euros to this figure,
renewables-based heat generation
about 2.1 billion euros. When the
costs for CO 2 allowances and the partial
internalisation of environmental
damage [76], are taken into account,
these gross figures decrease to about
4.8 billion euros (electricity) and
2.0 billion euros (heat).
Applying the aforementioned estimate
of 70 euros/t CO 2 , the CO 2 reduction
contributions of all renewable
energies (in the electricity, heat
and mobility sectors) in 2009 (some
107 million tonnes; cf. p. 18) amount
to some 7.4 billion euros (gross)
worth of avoided climate damage.
Renewable energy sources in figures
33

AVOIDED ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE/OTHER EFFECTS
Environmental damage from emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants,
and co 2 allowance costs – electricity generation
Damage via air pollution
Damage via greenhouse gases
Internalisation via
CO allowances
2
Provisional values
1) Average value for biomass; range
from 0.4 to 5.0 cents/kWh
Sources: own calculations of Fraunhofer ISI,
pursuant to ISI et al. [53]; NEEDS [105];
UBA [75]; PointCarbon [68]
[Cents/kWh]
34 Renewable energy sources in figures
10
8
6
4
2
0
Hydro-
power
Wind
energy
Photovoltaics
Biomass 1) Lignite Hard coal Natural
gas
Environmental damage from emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants,
and co 2 allowance costs – heat generation
Damage via air pollution
Damage via greenhouse gases
Internalisation via
CO allowances
2
Provisional values
1) Average value for biomass; range
from 0.1 to 0.9 cents/kWh
2) Average value for biomass; range
from 0.1 to 0.3 cents/kWh
Sources: own calculations of Fraunhofer ISI,
pursuant to ISI et al. [53]; NEEDS [105];
UBA [75]; PointCarbon [68]
other positive effects for
society of expansion
of renewable energies
[Cents/kWh]
In addition to preventing environmental
damage, the expansion of
renewable energies entails additional
positive effects for society
that have not yet been quantified,
or have only been partly quantified.
These effects include conservation
5
4
3
2
1
0
Biomass,
HH 1)
Biomass
industry 2)
Solar
thermal
en.
Near-
surface
geoth.
energy
Heating
oil, HH
of scarce resources; impetus for innovation
in renewable energy installations;
strengthening of decentralised
structures; transfer of knowhow,
technologies and installations
to other countries; and reduced import
dependency and better supply
security through the diversification
of energy resources. Another factor
is also significant and is expected to
become more so in future: use of renewable
energies helps defuse con-
Natural
gas, HH
District
heat, HH
Natural
gas,
industry
Heating
oil
Hard coal/
lignite,
industry
flicts over scarce resources, thereby
indirectly contributing to external
and internal security.
On a macroeconomic level, such
effects provide economic impetus
that can trigger or influence regional
and national developments,
thus ultimately enhancing employment
and value added. Additional
research on such effects needs to be
carried out [53].

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
RESEaRch aND DEvEloPMENT FoR RENEWablE ENERgy TEchNologIES
Research and development projects
relative to renewable energy technologies
are being suppported in the
framework of the German Government’s
energy research programme.
Investments in renewable energies
help to conserve scarce resources,
reduce dependence on energy imports
and protect the environment
and climate. Technological innovations
reduce the costs of renewablesbased
electricity. The Federal Ministry
for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(BMU) is responsible for applicationoriented
project funding in the area
of renewable energies.
The BMU supports R&D in the area
of renewable energies also with
a view to promoting Germany as
an industrial location and bolstering
employment. Research support
strengthens the international leadership
and competitiveness of German
companies and research institutions.
It thus helps to create jobs in a globally
growing market.
Newly approved projects by the bMu
aims and key areas of
research support
The overarching aims of research
support include:
ó Expansion of renewable energies
as part of the German Government’s
energy and climate policy;
ó Strengthening the international
competitiveness of German companies
and research institutions;
ó Creating jobs with a future.
To achieve these aims the BMU has
defined the following key areas:
ó Working to continually reduce
the costs of using renewable energies;
ó Optimising energy systems, with
a view to the increasing renewable
energies’ share of the energy
supply;
ó Making further development and
expansion of renewable energies
compatible with environmental
and nature conservation criteria –
for example, via resource-conserving
production methods;
ó Providing for rapid technology
transfer from the research sector
into the market.
In 2009, the BMU approved a total of
163 new projects, representing a total
volume of over 118 million euros,
including the areas of photovoltaics,
geothermal energy, wind energy,
low-temperature solar thermal systems,
solar thermal power stations,
ocean energy, international cooperation
and overall strategy and overarching
issues.
The BMU attaches great importance
to presenting its research support
transparently. Comprehensive information
is available in the annual
report for 2009, a free newsletter,
and a regularly updated overview of
ongoing research projects
(www.erneuerbare-energien.de/
inhalt/4595/).
2006 2007 2008 2009
[Number] [1,000 EuR] [Share in %] [Number] [1,000 EuR] [Share in %] [Number] [1,000 EuR] [Share in %] [Number] [1,000 EuR] [Share in %]
Photovoltaics 39 43,367 43.9 49 41,653 40.8 38 39,735 26.3 36 31,446 26.6
Wind energy 29 16,083 16.3 52 34,713 34.0 32 40,097 26.6 45 28,227 23.8
Geoth. energy 11 23,718 24.0 17 8,051 7.9 18 16,381 10.9 14 14,892 12.6
Low-temp. solar
thermal energy
Solar thermal
power
stations
System
integration
Cross-sectoral
research
13 5,059 5.1 20 7,505 7.3 20 10,129 6.7 17 7,013 5.9
16 6,875 6.9 18 5,851 5.7 15 8,217 5.4 22 8,612 7.3
– – – – – – 26 28,184 18.7 6 11,458 9.7
8 1,860 1.9 13 2,474 2.4 11 3,004 2.0 16 3,314 2.8
Other 2 1,856 1.9 8 1,917 1.9 9 5,066 3.4 7 13,478 11.3
Total 118 98,818 100.0 177 102,164 100.0 169 150,813 100.0 163 118,440 100.0
Source: BMU KI III 5
Renewable energy sources in figures
35

OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Overview Of the ecOnOmic impacts Of expansiOn
Of renewable energies
The previous pages have explained
how expansion of use of renewable
energies, while entailing costs,
brings considerable benefits.
To date the focus has primarily been
on the costs of renewables-based
electricity generation arising in connection
with the Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG). Other renewable
energy sectors and the benefits that
expansion of those sectors could
bring have tended to receive little
36 Renewable energy sources in figures
attention. As a result, there has been
no comprehensive, scientifically
founded overview of the relevant
effects in the form of a cost-benefit
analysis.
To close this gap, the BMU has commissioned
a project team, led by the
Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and
Innovation Research ISI/Karlsruhe,
to carry out an extensive research
project. In spring 2010, the group
presented a first interim report. The
report shows that any well-founded
economic overview of renewable
energies must take account of a
diverse range of complex aspects
and interrelationships.
Further information on this study
is available in the Internet at the
BMU’s theme page,
www.erneuerbare-energien.de/
45801/45802/ [ISI et al. 53].
interrelationships considered in an economic overview analysis of renewable energies
Category System-analytical Distribution aspects Other interrelationships 1)
Macroeconomic
Impact type Benefits Costs Burdens Relief
Analysis area
Object of the
analysis
Employment
GDP,
revenue
Differential costs, equalisation costs, control costs and grid-expansion costs,
transaction costs, taxation, support funding, employment and revenue, avoided external costs,
merit order, avoided imports, portfolio effects, …
Renewables-based electricity
EEG-
related
1) The other impacts cannot be clearly
assigned to any one of the three aforementioned
main categories. Such impacts
include the possible effects of expansion of
renewable energies on innovation intensity
Subsidyindependent
MAP-
related
Total renewable energies
Renewables-based heat Other renewable energies 2)
Subsidyindependent
– and not only in the area of renewable
energies; spill-over effects in the areas of
technology and policy-making; effects on
environmental awareness; changes in common
societal views with regard to climate
EE-
WärmeG
protection; and the benefits of renewable
energies with regard to internal and external
security
2) e.g. transport
Source: ISI et al. [53]

Some of the cost-benefit impacts
of renewable energies have not yet
been quantified. These include the
significance of renewable energies
for internal and external security.
In light of the many different effects
involved, it is important to understand
that quantitative comparisons
are only possible within the various
individual main effects categories.
To date, perhaps the best means of
carrying out such comparisons is a
cost-benefit evaluation based on systems
analysis. A rough estimate of
the available quantitatively determined
system costs in the areas of
electricity and heat shows total costs
of about 7.5 billion euros for 2009.
Those costs were offset by quantified
gross benefits of about 7.8 billion
euros. As in the other categories
involved, considerable additional
research needs to be carried out in
this area. At the same time, in light
Selected key figures relative to economic analysis of expansion of renewable energies
in germany’s electricity and heat sectors, 2009
System-analytical costs/benefits aspects
costs benefits
Differential costs, electricity 5.6 bn. EUR
Control and balancing energy ca. 0.4 bn. EUR
Grid expansion 0.02 bn. EUR 1)
Transaction costs 0.03 bn. EUR 1)
Total, electricity
Differential costs, heat
ca. 6 bn. EuR
1.5 bn. EuR
Total 2) about 7.5 bn. EuR 7.8 bn. EuR
EEG-related differential
costs
Merit-order effect
(renewables-based
electricity)
Taxation of renewablesbased
electricity
Federal subsidies for
renewable energies
Special equalisation
provisions in the EEG
OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS
of the considerable benefits involved
it is clear that any costs-only analysis
of the expansion of renewable energies
is bound to be inadequate.
The following table presents an overview
of the most important currently
known cost-benefit impacts of renewables-based
electricity and heat
generation.
5.7 bn. EuR
Environmental damage avoided via renewables-based
electricity (gross)
2.1 bn. EuR
Environmental damage avoided via
renewables-based heat (gross)
n.q. Portfolio-Effekt
Distribution effects
Total beneficiaries Parties burdened
4.7 bn. EUR Installation operators All electricity customers, exception: beneficiaries of special
equalisation provisions within the EEG
3.6 – 4.0 bn. EUR 1) 2) Electricity customers or suppliers,
depending on carry-over; in all likelihood,
especially electricity-intensive
special-contract customers
1 – 1.1 bn. EUR Federal budget/
Pension insurance system
0.8 bn. EUR Installation operators; indirectly,
also producers, inter alia (innovation
effects, etc)
0.6 – 0.7 bn. EUR About 500 electricity-intensive
companies and railway operators
Macroeconomic and other effects (selection)
Conventional electricity producers
Electricity consumers; possibly, producers of renewables-based
electricity (those who carry out their own selling)
Federal budget
All other electricity customers
Revenue effects (all renewables) about 36 bn. EUR (total revenue) and about 16 bn. EUR (with direct effects on employment)
Employment (all renewables) about 300,000 directly and indirectly employed persons
Avoided energy imports (all renewables) 5.7 bn. EUR (brutto)
Energy price, GDP effect 1), 2)
100 – 200 bn. EUR
Impacts on internal and external security
(including improved energy independence)
n.q.
n.q. = not quantified
1) To date, data only available for 2008
2) Definitive summing of the system-analytically
determined cost-benefit impacts for 2009 is not
yet possible. The reasons for this include the
differences in applicable reference years and
the fact that benefits are expressed as gross
benefits.
Source: ISI [55]; IfnE [7]
Renewable energy sources in figures
37

POTENTIAL CAPACITIES
loNg-TERM, SuSTaINablE uTIlISaTIoN PoTENTIal
oF RENEWablE ENERgIES FoR ElEcTRIcITy, hEaT aND
FuEl PRoDucTIoN IN gERMaNy
38 Renewable energy sources in figures
use
2009
Potential capacity Remarks
yield output
Electricity generation [TWh] [TWh/a] [MW]
Hydropower 1) 19.0 25 5,200 Running water and natural inflow to reservoirs
Wind energy 37.8
on land 37.8 110 50,000
at sea (offshore) 0.037 300 80,000
Power calculated on the basis of the average value of
2,200 h/a
Power calculated on the basis of the average value of
3,750 h/a
Biomass 2) 30.5 60 10,000 Some generation as CHP generation
Photovoltaic power 6.2 115 125,000 3) Only suitable rooftop, facade and municipal areas
Geothermal energy 0.02 90 15,000
Total 93.5 700
Share with respect to gross electricity consumption
in 2009
16.1 % 120.2 %
Range of 66 – 290 TWh, depending on requirements pertaining
to heat use (combined heat-power (CHP) generation)
heat generation [TWh] [TWh/a]
Biomass 105.3 160 Including useful heat from CHP generation
Geothermal energy 5.0 300 Only energy production from hydrothermal sources
Solar thermal energy 4.7 350 Only suitable rooftop and municipal areas
Total 115.0 810
Share with respect to final-energy consumption
for heat in 2009 4) 8.8 % 61.9 %
Fuels [TWh] [TWh/a]
Biomass 33.8 90
Total 33.8 90
Share with respect to fuel consumption in 2009 5.5 % 14.7 %
Share with respect to total final energy consumption
in 2009
Renewables-based energy imports are not
included in the figures.
1) Excluding ocean energy
2) Including biogenic waste
3) Capacity oriented to module output (MW ); p
the corresponding alternating-current
power level is 115 MW
4) Space heating, water heating and other
process heat
Sources: Nitsch [100]; Scholz [25]; ZSW [1];
working group: WI, DLR, IFEU [101]
10.3 % 68.0 %
As a result of different assumptions
regarding availability of suitable
sites, the technical characteristics of
energy technologies and other factors,
estimates on utilisation potential
can vary widely.
The orientational figures given here
take account especially of nature
conservation and landscape protection
concerns. They thus tend to represent
the lower limits of the capacities
that could be developed.
2.35 million ha cultivation area for energy crops
(of a total of 4.2 million ha cultivation area)
The percentage share of potential renewable-energies
capacities grows as final energy consumption is reduced
via energy-efficiency gains.
A great deal of versatility is seen in
energy-related biomass use. Depending
on the requirement, therefore,
capacity assignment to the areas
of electricity generation, heat generation
and fuel production can
change. This applies especially for
cultivation of energy crops (calculated
here on the basis of a cultivation
area of 4.2 million hectares).

Part II:
renewable energIes In the euroPean unIon
RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Directive 2009/28/eC of the european Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use
of energy from renewable sources, which entered into force in June 2009, defines ambitious aims:
by 2020, renewable energies are to meet 20 % of final energy consumption and at least 10 % of
energy requirements in the transport sector
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council
entered into force on 25 June 2009.
This new EU Directive for the promotion
of renewable energies is part
of a European climate and energy
package for implementation of resolutions
taken at the 9 March 2007
spring summit of heads of state and
government (European Council). The
Directive establishes a binding aim
of raising renewable energies’ share
of the EU’s total energy consumption
from about 8.5 % in 2005 to
20 % in 2020.
The Directive divides the EU’s 20 %
goal into differentiated national
overall targets for renewables’ share
of final energy consumption in
2020, for each of the Member States.
These binding national targets are
oriented to the respective starting
points in 2005 and to national potential.
Accordingly, the national targets
for EU Member States for 2020
vary from 10 % for Malta to 49 % for
Sweden. A national target of 18 %
has been set for Germany.
Along with such national targets,
the Directive also establishes a common
goal of a 10 % renewables’
share of energy consumption in the
transport sector. The Member States
may thus count biofuel use, as well
as (for example) electromobility using
renewables-based electricity, in
their progress toward that goal.
For reaching the national targets,
the Directive emphasises national
support mechanisms. Member States
can decide on the design of their
support system with a view to optimal
development of their capacities.
In addition, the Directive introduces
flexible cooperation mechanisms
that allow Member States to work
together toward their goals. Such
cooperation mechanisms include
statistical transfer of surplus quantities
of renewable energies; joint
projects for promoting renewable
energies; and (partial) combination
of the national support systems of
several Member States.
The Directive requires the Member
States to adopt, by 30 June 2010,
national action plans for implementing
their targets and, to make regular
progress reports to the Commission
until 2020. In addition, the
Directive stipulates that renewablesbased
electricity must be given priority
access to the grid and specifies
the first sustainability requirements
for production of biomass for energy
applications. However, the Directive’s
sustainability criteria only
apply to biofuels and liquid bioenergy
sources. In February 2010, the
EU Commission presented a report
on sustainability criteria for gaseous
and solid bioenergy sources. In contrast
to the Directive’s binding sustainability
criteria, this report only
contains recommendations for the
Member States.
In preparation for their national
action plans Member States were
already required, to submit an advance
assessment to the European
Union at the end of 2009. In those
assessments, all Member States reported
their expectations regarding
their national shares of renewable
energies by 2020, taking into
account the possibility of using the
flexible cooperation mechanisms.
A majority of the Member States expect
to reach or even surpass their
goals, using their own resources and
measures. Only five Member States
expect to have to rely on imports
with the help of the flexible cooperation
mechanisms. In its own advance
assessment, at the end of December
2009, Germany expects to
achieve a renewable energies’ share
of 18.7 % in 2020, i.e. to slightly exceed
its national target. Adding all
of the Member States’ advance assessments
yields a figure of 20.3 %,
which would slightly exceed the
goal for the EU as a whole.
The Directive introduces a first global
EU provision covering all areas
of renewable energies: electricity,
heat/refrigeration and transport.
The Directive will thus replace the
existing EU-wide provisions for promotion
of renewable energies, which
expire on 1 January 2012 – the EU
Directive for promotion of renewable
energy sources in the electricity
market and the Biofuels Directive.
The Electricity Directive, which entered
into force in 2001, prescribes
an increase in renewable energies’
share of electricity generation from
14 % in 1997 to 21 % by 2010 in the
EU-25. The Biofuels Directive pretends
the goal of a 5.75 % biofuels’
share of fuel consumption in 2010.
The new, comprehensive EU Directive
for promotion of renewable
energies will provide a reliable EUwide
legal framework for the necessary
investments. It will thus lay the
foundation for continued successful
expansion of renewable energies
through 2020.
Renewable energy sources in figures
39

EU: FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS
effeCts of eu DIreCtIve 2009/28/eC
on renewable energy statIstICs
The Directive includes detailed
provisions for calculating target
achievement. These methods differ
in some respects from the calculation
methods that have been used to
date in Germany and that have provided
the basis for the present brochure.
In particular, the following
differences apply:
gross final energy consumption
In Article 2 (f), Directive 2009/28/EC
defines gross final energy consumption
as follows:
“‘gross final consumption of energy’
means the energy commodities delivered
for energy purposes to industry,
transport, households, services including
public services, agriculture, forestry
and fisheries, including the consumption
of electricity and heat by the energy
branch for electricity and heat production
and including losses of electric-
40 Renewable energy sources in figures
ó the goal is oriented to gross final
energy consumption,
ó electricity generation from hydropower
and wind energy installations
is normalised,
ó special specifications apply to
calculation of shares of heat con-
ity and heat in distribution and transmission.”
In national statistics to date (for example,
this brochure), final energy
consumption is defined as that portion
of domestic energy that is used
for energy applications and that
reaches end consumers. “Gross final
energy” is equivalent to final energy
plus line losses and own consumption
by generation installations. It is
normalisation rule for wind energy and hydropower
The calculation of the contributions
of wind energy and hydropower
takes the impacts of climate fluctuations
on electricity production into
account. Due to this “normalisation”
to an average year, the value obtained
for wind energy and hydropower
no longer corresponds to ac-
sumption and in the transport
sector.
As a result, there are limited possibilities
for comparing data pursuant
to the EU Directive with data relative
to the Renewable Energy Sources
Act (EEG) and data from national
statistics.
thus a larger figure, as the following
table shows:
Example for Germany:
final energy consumption, 2007: 8,815 PJ
Line losses, own consumption: + 296 PJ
gross final energy consumption,
2007:
9,111 PJ
Source: AGEB, preliminary
tual production in any year in question,
but does provide a better picture
of the status of development of
such resources.
effects of the normalisation rule, illustrated with the example of wind energy in 2008 and 2009
national method
2008 2009
eu Directive
method
national method
eu Directive
method
Wind energy 1) 40,574 GWh 38,873 GWh 37,809 GWh 41,092 GWh
transport sector
The calculation of target achievement
in the transport sector only
takes account of sustainably produced
biofuels plus the quantity of
renewables-based electricity that
is used in electric vehicles (of all
types). In addition, biofuels from
residual substances, lignocellulosic
biomass, biomass-to-liquids (BtL) and
biogas from residual substances are
1) Wind energy was normalised over
a four-year period, pursuant to the
EU Directive
counted double, while renewablesbased
electricity in road transports
is counted with a factor of 2.5.

[%]
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
EU: FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS
renewable energies’ shares of gross final energy consumption in selected eu countries
EU-27
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
Indicative trajectory pursuant to
EU Directive 2009/28/EC
Target
2001 2003 2005
2011/ 2013/ 2015/ 2017/
2020
2012 2014 2016 2018
share of
re in total
gross feC
2005 [%]
target
2020
Belgium 2.2 13
Bulgaria 9.4 16
Denmark 17.0 30
Germany 5.8 18
Estonia 18.0 25
Finland 28.5 38
France 10.3 23
Greece 6.9 18
Ireland 3.1 16
Italy 5.2 17
Latvia 32.6 40
Lithuania 15.0 23
Luxembourg 0.9 11
Malta 0.0 10
Netherlands 2.4 14
Austria 23.3 34
Poland 7.2 15
Portugal 20.5 31
Romania 17.8 24
Sweden 39.8 49
Slovakia 6.7 14
Slovenia 16.0 25
Spain 8.7 20
Czech. Republic 6.1 13
Hungary 4.3 13
United Kingdom 1.3 15
Cyprus 2.9 13
eu-27 8.5 20
39.8
49
32.6
40
28.5
38
23.3
34
20.5
31
17.0
30
16.0 25
18.0 25
17.8 24
15.0 23
10.3 23
8.7 20
6.9 18
5.8 18
5.2 17
3.1 16
9.4 16
1.3 15
7.2 15
6.7 14
2.4 14
2.9 13
Target 2020
4.3 13
RE share 2005
6.1 13
[%]
2.2 13
0.9 11
0.0 10
SE
LV
FI
AT
PT
DK
SI
EE
RO
LT
FR
ES
EL
DE
IT
IE
BG
UK
PL
SK
NL
CY
HU
CZ
BE
LU
MT
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
The 5 EU Member States with the
highest energy consumption were
selected.
The new EU Directive 2009/28/EC
prescribes an indicative trajectory
to the goal for renewable energies’
share of gross final energy consumption.
The Member States are required
to take suitable measures to ensure
that their shares of energy from
renewable sources at least attain
the relevant national orientational
values on the trajectory.
Sources: pursuant to EC [85];
Eurostat [132]
General remarks:
The data given in European and international
statistics with regard to energy
production and use in Germany diverge,
in part, from relevant data given by
German sources. Along with differences
in the origin of the data, differences in
summing methods also play a role in
this regard.
To ensure consistency, in the “Europe”
section, the data for Germany have
been taken from international statistics.
However, the more detailed figures of
national sources that are given on the
preceding pages tend to be more reliable.
Shares for 2005, and national overall goals
pursuant to EU Directive 2009/28/EC
Source: EC [85]
Renewable energy sources in figures
41

EU: ENERGY SUPPLY
Structure of final energy consumption in the EU, 2008
Nuclear energy
Gas
Renewable
energies
Mineral oil
Coal
Total FEC:
about 13,600 TWh
7 %
29 %
10 %
42 %
12 %
2008
42 Renewable energy sources in figures
Structure of renewables-based
final energy
Biomass/
waste
56 %
Biofuels
9 %
Wind
energy
9 %
Hydropower
24 %
Solar energy
1 %
Geoth. energy
1 %
Structure of primary energy consumption in the EU, 2003 and 2008
Net imports
Nuclear energy
Natural gas
Renewable energies
Mineral oil
Total PEC:
Coal about 75,500 PJ
Of which,
net imports:
about 37,900 PJ
50.2 %
2003
14.2 %
23.6 %
6.0 %
37.4 %
18.4 %
Of which,
net imports:
about 42.500 PJ
56.4 %
Total PEC:
about 75,300 PJ
2008
13.4 %
24.5 %
8.4 %
36.5 %
17.0 %
Hydropower
19.0 %
Structure of renewables-based
primary energy
Wind energy
6.9 %
Geoth. energy
3.9 %
Solar energy
1.2 %
In the framework of the EU’s new Directive
on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources, attention has become
focused on renewable energies’ share of total
final energy consumption. To date, final
energy consumption statistics show only
the shares for the various different sectors.
The figure at left shows how final energy
consumption breaks down into different energy
sources. The figures for the individual
energy sources were calculated in detail
on the basis of statistics from the Eurostat
Online Database. The shares as shown are
intended solely as an indication of relative
magnitude.
Sources: ZSW [1] pursuant to Eurostat [119], [124]
Biomass/
waste
69.1 %
Wood/
wood waste
47.0 %
Waste
10.0 %
Biogas
5.1 %
Biofuels
6.9 %
Calculated in accordance with the physical
energy content method; cf. also Annex (9)
Sources: ZSW [1] pursuant to Eurostat [124]

use of renewable energIes In the eu
biomass
1)
hydropower
2)
2008 2009
wind
energy
geoth.
energy 3)
total
solar thermal
4), 5) energy
Photovoltaic
power 5)
final energy [twh] [1,000 m 2 ] [Mw th ] [kw p ]
Belgium 13.95 0.41 0.62 – 15.00 335 235 363,023
Bulgaria 8.00 2.82 0.12 0.38 11.33 37 26 5,700
Denmark 18.05 0.03 6.98 – 25.05 484 339 4,565
Germany 168.31 20.94 40.60 2.37 232.21 12,900 9,030 9,830,300
Estonia 6.23 0.03 0.13 – 6.40 2 2 60
Finland 65.29 17.11 0.26 – 82.67 28 20 7,649
France 140.66 64.24 5.69 1.33 211.91 1,995 1,396 289,349
Greece 11.15 3.31 1.70 0.20 16.36 4,076 2,853 55,000
Ireland 2.82 0.97 2.47 0.05 6.31 121 85 400
Italy 37.18 41.62 5.06 8.00 91.85 2,015 1,410 1,032,400
Latvia 11.06 3.11 0.06 – 14.22 8 6 4
Lithuania 6.90 0.40 0.12 – 7.42 5 3 55
Luxembourg 0.71 0.13 0.06 – 0.91 20 14 26,322
Malta – – – – 0.00 45 31 1,527
Netherlands 15.12 0.10 4.26 0.02 19.50 774 542 63,633
Austria 40.89 37.95 2.00 0.07 80.91 4,330 3,031 37,487
Poland 54.01 2.15 0.79 0.15 57.11 510 357 1,011
Portugal 33.38 6.80 5.70 0.31 46.18 445 312 102,205
Romania 45.21 17.20 0.01 0.27 62.68 114 80 635
Sweden 72.50 69.07 2.00 – 143.56 422 295 8,710
Slovakia 6.09 4.04 0.01 0.02 10.16 105 73 196
Slovenia 5.21 4.02 – – 9.23 158 111 8,402
Spain 53.88 23.50 32.20 0.09 109.68 1,865 1,306 3,520,082
Czech. Republic 20.38 2.02 0.20 – 22.61 514 360 465,901
Hungary 11.55 0.21 0.24 1.06 13.07 67 47 650
United Kingdom 27.73 5.17 7.10 0.01 40.01 476 333 32,610
Cyprus 0.35 – – – 0.35 701 491 3,328
eu-27 876.61 327.35 118.37 14.34 1,356.67 6) 32,552 22,786 15,861,204
The EU plays an important role globally
with regard to use of renewable
energies. Its efforts in the area of
solar and wind energy are particularly
noteworthy.
All in all, an estimated 15.9 GW p
of photovoltaic capacity were in
place in the EU at the end of 2009
(2008: about 10.4 GW p ). The net
capacity addition in 2009 was about
5.5 GW p , which represents an increase
of 8 % over the previous year
(about 5.1 GW p ) and a world market
share of about 76 %. Germany played
an outstanding role in this regard; it
more than doubled its net capacity
addition, from about 1.8 GW p in 2008
to about 3.8 GW p in 2009 [131], [141].
In the wind energy sector the EU is
the global leader, with about 75 GW
(2008: about 65 GW) of installed
wind energy capacity at the end of
2009 and a global share of 47 %.
The International Energy Agency
EU: USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
The overview summarises the currently
available statistics (cf. sources).
These data can diverge from relevant
national statistics. The reasons for this
include differences in methodologies.
All figures are provisional; discrepancies
in the totals are due to rounding
off.
1) Electricity and heat generation
from solid biomass, biogas, municipal
waste and biofuels
2) Gross generation; for pumpedstorage
power stations, only
generation from natural inflow
3) Heat and electricity generation;
electricity generation in Italy,
5.5 TWh; in Portugal, 0.2 TWh; in
Germany, 0.02 TWh and Austria,
0.002 TWh (for France, 0.09 TWh
in Overseas Departments not
included)
4) glazed and unglazed collectors; assumed
power output, 0.7 kW /m th 2
5) Including installations in Overseas
Departments
6) The total includes 12.6 TWh from
solar thermal systems and 7.4 TWh
from photovoltaic systems
Sources:
Biomass: Eurostat [119]
Hydroelectric power: Eurostat [119]
Wind energy: Observ’ER [120]
Geothermal energy: Eurostat [119];
Observ’ER [122]
Solar thermal energy: Observ’ER [130]
Photovoltaic power: Observ’ER [131]
estimates the installed global solar
collector capacity for 2008 at
152 GW th ; the EU share of that
capacity was more than 13 % (EU
2008: 20 GW th ).
While ocean energy still plays a
very minor role in the EU’s and the
world’s energy supply, the ocean
energy sector is seen to have great
potential.
Renewable energy sources in figures
43

EU: ELECTRICITY DIRECTIVE
exPansIon of renewables-baseD eleCtrICIty generatIon In
the euroPean Internal eleCtrICIty Market
Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion
of electricity produced from
renewable energy sources in the
internal electricity market entered
into force in October 2001. The Community
aims to increase renewable
energies’ share of electricity generation
from 14 % in 1997 to 22 % by
2010 in the EU-15, and to 21 % in the
EU-25.
The EU Commission’s “Renewable
Energy Progress Report” (COM
(2009) 192) of 24.04.2009 1) notes that
the Commission’s analyses indicate
that Europe will fail to reach the
21 % target for 2010 unless the Member
States undertake additional efforts.
The report notes that Germany
and Hungary have already met
their targets for 2010. From 2004 to
2006, renewable energies’ share of
total electricity generation in the
EU increased by nearly 1.5 percentage
points. Germany and five other
EU Member States increased their
shares by more than two percentage
points from 2004 to 2006, thereby
contributing significantly to the
development of the renewable energies’
total share of electricity generation
in the EU. Such growth has
occurred primarily via expansion
of use of solid biomass and of wind
energy.
In spite of the progress achieved, the
growth rate remains low, however.
In most Member States, hindrances
to growth persist in all sectors.
In non-nuclear research support, the
EU’s 7th Framework Programme of
Research (FP7) placed a clear priority
on energy efficiency and renewable
energies.
In its green paper “A European Strategy
for Sustainable, Competitive and
Secure Energy”, presented in March
2005, the EU Commission highlights
the contribution that domestic
energy sources wind energy, solar
energy, biomass, hydropower and
geothermal energy make to a secure
44 Renewable energy sources in figures
electricity supply. This is of special
significance in light of the entire
EU’s growing dependency on energy
imports. Noting the some 300,000
jobs in the EU’s renewable energies
sector, the green paper highlights
the economic importance of renewables
and Europe’s technological leadership
in this sector. With a road
map presented on 10 January 2007
the Commission outlined a path for
the further expansion of renewable
energies in Europe. The new direc-
tive for promotion of renewable
energies, adopted in the framework
of the European Climate and Energy
Package, is an important milestone
on this path (cf. also page 39).
1) Pursuant to Article 3 (4) of Directive 2001/77/
EC, the Commission is required, at two-year
intervals, to publish a report detailing
the Member States’ progress toward their
national targets in the area of renewable
energies.
renewable energies’ share of gross electricity consumption [%] target
1997 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 [%]
Belgium 1.0 1.5 1.8 2.1 3.9 5.3 6.0
Bulgaria 7.0 7.4 6.0 8.9 11.2 7.4 11.0
Denmark 8.9 16.7 19.9 27.1 25.9 28.7 29.0
Germany 4.3 6.5 8.1 9.5 12.0 15.4 12.5
Estonia 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.0 5.1
Finland 25.3 28.5 23.7 28.3 24.0 31.0 31.5
France 15.2 15.1 13.7 12.9 12.5 14.4 21.0
Greece 8.6 7.7 6.2 9.5 12.1 8.3 20.1
Ireland 3.8 4.9 5.4 5.1 8.5 11.7 13.2
Italy 16.0 16.0 14.3 15.9 14.5 16.6 25.0
Latvia 46.7 47.7 39.3 47.1 37.7 41.2 49.3
Lithuania 2.6 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.6 7.0
Luxembourg 2.0 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.1 5.7
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0
Netherlands 3.5 3.9 4.7 5.6 7.9 8.9 9.0
Austria 67.5 72.4 66.0 58.7 56.5 62.0 78.1
Poland 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.9 4.2 7.5
Portugal 38.3 29.4 20.8 24.4 29.4 26.9 39.0
Romania 30.5 28.8 30.8 29.9 31.4 28.4 33.0
Sweden 49.1 55.4 46.9 46.1 48.1 55.5 60.0
Slovakia 14.5 16.9 19.2 14.4 16.6 15.5 31.0
Slovenia 26.9 31.7 25.4 29.1 24.4 29.1 33.6
Spain 19.7 15.7 13.8 18.5 17.7 20.6 29.4
Czech. Republic 3.5 3.6 4.6 4.0 4.9 5.2 8.0
Hungary 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.3 3.7 5.6 3.6
United Kingdom 1.9 2.7 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.6 10.0
Cyprus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 6.0
eu-27 13.1 13.8 13.0 13.9 14.6 16.7 21.0
This overview summarises the currently available statistics (cf. sources). These data can diverge from
national statistics. The reasons for this include differences in methods.
Source: Eurostat [119]

enewables-baseD eleCtrICIty suPPly In the eu
1990 1997 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1) 2008 1)
Biomass 2) 17.3 28.7 40.5 49.7 57.9 68.9 80.7 90.1 100.8 107.9
Hydropower 3) 288.8 332.5 354.7 315.4 306.0 323.3 307.4 308.6 310.1 327.4
Wind energy 0.8 7.3 22.3 35.7 44.4 58.8 70.5 82.3 104.3 118.4
Geoth. energy 3.2 4.0 4.8 4.8 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.7
Photovoltaics 0.01 0.04 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.5 3.8 7.4
Solar thermal
energy
[twh]
– – – – – – – – 0.01 0.02
Total 310.1 372.6 422.4 405.9 414.2 457.2 465.4 489.2 524.8 566.7
re share of
gross elec.
consump. [%]
11.8 13.1 13.9 13.0 12.9 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.5 16.7
Since the entry into force of the EU
Electricity Directive (cf. also page
44), renewables-based electricity
generation in the EU has increased
by an average of 3.4 % p. a., reaching
a level of about 567 TWh in
2008. On the basis of the available
data, renewable energies’ contribution
to the total electricity supply in
2008 can be placed at 16.7 %. A look
at the development of renewablesbased
electricity generation apart
from hydropower shows that renewable
energies’ absolute contribution
during the same period more than
tripled, and it increased by an average
of about 18 % per year. In 2008,
renewables-based electricity generation
increased its output by an
renewables-based electricity supply in the eu
Renewables-based electricity generation [TWh]
50
0
estimated 42 TWh. Assuming an
average household electricity consumption
of 3,500 kWh/a, that figure
amounts to an additional renewables-based
electricity supply for
about 12 million households in the
European Union.
The increase to date is due especially
to development in two areas of
renewable energies: wind energy,
with average growth during the period
under consideration of about
24 % p. a., and biomass-based electricity
generation, with estimated
growth of 16,4 % p. a. Development
in the photovoltaic sector has also
been favourable. That area regis-
300
250
200
373 391 396
422
447
406 414
457
465 489
525
567 600
500
400
310
150
EU Directive
300
100
2001/77/EC
200
1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
EU: ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
1) provisional figures
2) including municipal waste
and biogas
3) for pumped-storage power
stations, only generation
from natural inflow
The overview summarises the
currently available statistics
(cf. sources). These data can
diverge from relevant national
statistics. The reasons for this
include differences in methods.
Sources: Eurostat [119]; Observ’ER
[120]; ZSW [1]
tered average growth of 69 % – from
a low initial level.
Another renewable energies sector,
solar thermal power stations, could
well be poised to also make a significant
contribution in the coming
years. According to EurObserv’ER,
installations with total capacity of
232.4 MW el were in operation in
the EU as of the end of 2009. Spain,
which promotes this technology
via feed-in tariffs, is a global leader
in development of solar thermal
power stations. Some 25 solar thermal
projects with a total capacity of
2,100 MW th are currently under development
in Spain [122].
100
0
Renewables-based elec. incl.
hydropower [TWh]
Renewablesbased
elec. incl.
hydropower
Photovoltaics
Geoth. energy
Wind energy
Biomass
Sources: cf. the table above
Renewable energy sources in figures
45

EU: ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
Installed capacity for renewables-based electricity supply in the eu, 2008
4.7 %
(9.5 GW)
44.7 %
(89.7 GW)
0.3 %
(0.7 GW)
0.03 %
(0.06 GW)
6.3 %
(12.6 GW)
32.1 %
(64.4 GW)
46 Renewable energy sources in figures
2.8 %
(5.7 GW)
7.0 %
(14.0 GW)
2.1 %
(4.2 GW)
Total installed capacity for renewables-based
electricity supply: about 200 GW
(Share of total electricity generation capacity: 25 %)
Hydropower > 10 MW
Hydropower < 10 MW
Waste
Wood/wood waste
Biogas
Source: Eurostat [119]
structure of renewables-based electricity supply in the eu in 2008
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Finland
France
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Sweden
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Czech. Republic
Hungary
United Kingdom
0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 %
The figure summarises the currently available
statistics (cf. sources). These data can diverge
from national statistics. The reasons for this
include differences in methods.
100 %
For Malta, the sources used contain no figures
on renewables-based electricity generation. In
Cyprus, renewables-based electricity generation
is still at a negligible level.
Sources: cf. the table on p. 43
Hydropower
Wind energy
Solid biomass
Biogas
Wind energy
Solar thermal en.
Geoth. energy
Photovoltaics
Liquid biomass
Waste
Geothermal en.
Photovoltaics
In terms of structure, the renewables-based
electricity mix varies
widely throughout the EU Member
States.
Hydropower dominates in 4 countries,
at a level of over 90 %
(Bulgaria, Latvia, Romania, Slovenia).
In Denmark, Estonia and Ireland
wind power, at 64 %, 68 % and 69 %
respectively, has a particularly significant
share.
Biogenic resources make particularly
important contributions in Hungary
(82 %) and Belgium (79 %). In the
UK, the Netherlands, Luxembourg
and Belgium, modern biomass systems’
share of the renewables-based
electricity sector ranges between 30
and 37 %.
Italy is a pioneer in the area of deep
geothermal energy. That country installed
its first geothermal system
for electricity generation in 1904 (in
Larderello). Today, geothermal energy
plays a significant role in Italy’s
renewables-based electricity supply,
accounting for a share of 9 %. Photovoltaic
power already plays an important
role in the renewables-based
electricity mix in Luxembourg, Germany
and Spain, with shares of 6 %,
5 % and 4 %, respectively.

wInD energy use In the eu
Installed wind energy capacity
in the eu 2009 (in Mw)
Portugal
3,535
EU-27 – 74,767 MW
Of which offshore 2,061 MW
Ireland
1,260
Spain
19,149
Sources: EWEA [121]; GWEC [135]
United
Kingdom
4,051
Belgium
563
France
4,492
The steady expansion of wind energy
use in the EU continued in 2009.
Pursuant to the European Wind Energy
Association (EWEA), added
wind energy capacity in 2009, at
about 10.2 GW, was higher than the
capacity added in all other renewable
energies sectors, as was also the
case in the previous year. At the end
of 2009, wind energy capacity of
about 75 GW was in place in the EU.
This figure represents a 47 % share
of global wind energy capacity,
which amounted to nearly 158 GW.
The growth in wind energy use in
the EU in recent years has been due
especially to the sector’s expansion
in Germany and Spain. At the end of
2009, these two countries accounted
for 60 % of the EU’s total wind
Netherl.
2,229
Lux.
35
Denmark
3,465
Germany
25,777
Czech. R.
192
Italy
4,850
Austria
995
Sweden
1,560
Poland
725
Slovakia
3
Hungary
201
Estonia
142
Latvia
28
Lithuania
91
Greece
1,087
Finland
146
Romania
14
Bulgaria
177
energy capacities and about 28 % of
global capacities. At the end of 2009,
Germany, with a total of 25,777 MW,
ranked second on the global Top-10
list, after the USA (35,159 MW) and
ahead of China (25,104 MW), Spain
(19,149 MW) and India (10,926 MW).
In 2009, China achieved a record
net capacity addition of 13,000 MW,
thereby doubling capacities in place
at the end of 2008.
At the end of 2009 a total of 2.1 GW
of offshore wind energy capacity
were in place in the EU. All in all, a
total of 8 new wind farms, with total
capacity of 577 MW, came on stream
in Europe during the course of the
year. For 2010, the EWEA expects an
additional 10 wind farms to be commissioned,
with a total capacity of
America
25 %
Australia/
Pacific 1 %
Global: 157,899 MW
Asia
25 %
Africa 1)
1 %
1) Incl. Middle East
EU: WIND ENERGY
Rest of Europe
1 %
Renewable energy sources in figures
EU-27
47 %
No wind energy use in Malta, Slovenia and
Cyprus
1,000 MW. By 2020, 40 to 55 GW of
offshore wind energy capacity could
well be in service, feeding 145 to
198 TWh of electricity into the EUgrid
[137].
Germany’s first offshore wind farm,
“alpha ventus”, reached maturity in
November 2009 with the installation
of its final wind turbine. The wind
farm comprises a total of twelve
5-MW-class wind turbines, erected
at a distance of 45 kilometres from
the coast [138]. In addition to generating
electricity, the wind farm will
serve the German wind energy industry
as a test and demonstration
wind farm. The “Research at alpha
ventus” (RAVE) research initiative is
coordinating the research projects.
47

EU: WIND ENERGY
Development of cumulative wind energy capacity in the eu Member states
EU
Spain
Germany
The total wind energy capacity
in 2009 is not exactly the same
as the sum of installed capacity
at the end of 2008 plus
the capacity addition in 2009;
this is due to repowering and
decommissioning of existing
wind turbines.
Sources: EWEA [121]; Eurostat [119];
Germany, cf. page 14
[MW]
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
In 2009 Europe’s wind energy sector
added a total of 10,163 MW of capacity,
thereby registering growth of
23 % over the previous year. Along
with Spain (2,459 MW) and Germany
(1,917 MW), Italy (1,114 MW), France
(1,088 MW) and the UK (1,077 MW)
contributed significantly to that
record capacity addition. Overall,
these 5 EU Member States account
for three quarters of the EU’s total
wind energy market.
48 Renewable energy sources in figures
0
483
Capacity addition, 2009
total: about 10,160 MW
ES
24 %
DE
19 %
restl. EU
25 %
IT
11 %
FR
11 %
UK
11 %
17,147
12,796
4,798
8,902
6,223 3,244
2,472
3,392 4,609 2,274 11,994
8,754
6,104
40,512
47,685
56,270
64,719
74,767
34,288
28,531
15,097
23,123
11,736
9,918
8,317
6,234
16,629
18,415
20,622 22,247
14,609
23,897
19,149
16,689
25,777
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
At the end of 2009, the EU’s total
wind energy capacity amounted to
74,767 MW (2008: 64,719 MW).
Germany continues to hold the top
position in this sector, followed by
Spain, Italy, France and the UK. The
installed wind energy capacity in
the EU generated a total of 129 TWh
of electricity in 2009 - an estimated
4 % of the EU’s total gross electricity
consumption 1) .
Development of electricity generation from wind energy in the eu
Italy
Portugal
Denmark
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Germany
Rest of EU
Figures for 2009 are provisional
Sources: Eurostat [119]; Observ’ER [120]
[TWh]
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
2009
Total: about 128.5 TWh
ES
28.2 % UK
7.2 %
DE
29.2 %
Rest
of EU
14.3 %
FR
6.1 %
DK
5.2 %
PT
IT 5.2 %
4.7 %
In 2008, the EU’s wind energy sector
accounted for a total of some
155,200 jobs. According to a recent
EWEA study, that workforce could
nearly triple by 2020, to about
446,400. The number of jobs in the
EU’s land-based wind energy sector
is expected to double by 2020.
Growth potential is also seen in the
offshore sector, however; and by
2020 could already account for onethird
of the sector’s jobs [136].
1) Basis for the calculation: Gross electricity
consumption in 2007, pursuant to Eurostat
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

enewables-baseD heat suPPly In the eu
About half of the EU-27’s total final
energy supply is tied to the heat
sector. Renewable energies’ contribution
in this segment has amounted
only to 10 %, however. Renewable
energies’ role in the heat market
is thus considerably less signifi-
cant than their role in the electricity
market (cf. the preceding pages).
With a share of about 97 %, or
646 TWh, biomass is far and away
the most important resource in the
heat sector, and wood-based heat
EU: HEAT SUPPLY
generation in private households accounts
for the majority of that share.
The other two relevant sectors, solar
thermal and geothermal energy,
have relatively insignificant roles,
with shares of about 2 % and 1 %,
respectively.
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
final energy [twh]
Biomass, of which 419.4 477.4 532.8 528.5 533.5 565.3 576.6 586.7 602.7 634.8 645.5
Wood/wood waste 414.8 472.9 521.4 513.4 516.1 553.4 563.9 573.9 589.6 603.0 612.1
Biogas 4.0 3.8 4.8 7.1 8.6 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.5 11.5 12.9
Municipal waste 0.7 0.8 6.6 7.9 8.8 8.0 8.7 8.7 8.6 20.2 20.5
Solar thermal energy 1.8 3.2 4.8 5.5 6.0 6.4 7.1 7.9 9.0 10.9 12.6
Geothermal energy 4.8 5.2 5.3 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.6
total renewablesbased
heat
426.0 485.8 542.9 540.4 546.4 578.6 590.6 602.0 619.3 653.8 666.8
Source: pursuant to Eurostat [119]
Development in the solar thermal market
Sales in the EU’s solar thermal
market were down slightly in 2009
(-9.6 %), following an extremely positive
development in 2008, with
growth of 50.9 %. Nonetheless,
an estimated 2,916.2 MW th (2008:
3,226.8 MW th ) of solar collector output
were added. That figure is equivalent
to an additional collector area
of about 4.2 million m 2 . At the end
of 2009 the cumulative solar collector
capacity in the EU amounted to
about 22.8 MW th (equivalent to a collector
area of 32.6 million m 2 ). However,
market penetration with solar
thermal applications differs widely
from country to country. As in previous
years, the top position in this
category is held by Cyprus, with
installed capacity of about 612 kW th
per 1,000 inhabitants. The EU average
is only about 46 kW th per 1,000
inhabitants [130].
To date, water-heating is the most
important application area for solar
thermal systems. In recent years,
however, increasing numbers of
combi-systems have been installed,
which both heat water and boost
central heating systems. In 2009,
for example, the number of combi-
systems in place in Germany, as a
share of added systems, amounted
to about 50 %. With respect to rated
output, it amounted to nearly 70 %.
At the end of 2008, a total of 150
large installations (≥ 500 m 2 ;
350 kW th ), with output totalling
160 MW th , were in operation in
Europe. Many of those installations
are used for solar-based local and
district heating [140].
The world’s largest solar districtheat
installation is located in Marstal
(Denmark). With a collector area
of 18,365 m 2 and a thermal output
of 12.9 MW th , the system meets
one-third of Marstal’s heat requirements.
Germany’s largest solar local
and district heating installation is
currently being built in Crailsheim.
That system will have an output of
7 MW th and 10,000 m 2 of collector
area [118, 123].
At the end of 2008, around 152 GW th
of solar collector capacity were in
place worldwide (for 2009 the SHC
[140] estimates installed capacity at
189 GW th ). That installed capacity
provided a total output of some
110 TWh th (395 PJ), enough to
prevent about 39 million tonnes of
carbon dioxide emissions. Globally,
the solar thermal sector employed
an estimated 260,000 people in
2008.
total installed solar collector
capacity in the eu
at the end of 2009
40 %
Austria
Greece
France
Italy
Spain
Rest of EU
Germany
13 %
EU-27 total:
about
22,800 MW th
16 %
13 %
6 %
6 %
6 %
Source: Observ’ER [130]
Renewable energy sources in figures
49

EU: BIOFUELS
renewables-baseD fuels In the eu
Alongside the electricity and heat
sectors, the transport sector is also
of significance for increasing the replacement
of fossil fuels with renewable
energy sources, since the transport
sector accounts for one-third of
the EU’s total final energy consumption.
EurObserv’ER estimates the EU’s
total consumption of biofuels in
2008 at about 122 TWh (2007: about
93 TWh), i.e. about 29 TWh over the
previous year. That growth, amounting
to 31.4 %, is markedly down,
however, from the growth rates seen
in 2007 (45.7 %) and 2006 (70.9 %!).
Germany and France are the most
important players in the EU’s biofuels
market. Together, those two countries
account for over half of the EU’s
total biofuels consumption.
The most important biofuel in the
EU is biodiesel; it has a 78 % share of
total biofuels consumption. It is produced
primarily from rapeseed oil,
and it can be added to fossil-based
diesel fuel. In 2008, some 95 TWh
of biodiesel were consumed throughout
the EU. Biodiesel consumption
thus increased by about 36 %
(+ 25.1 TWh) over 2007. Globally,
biodiesel accounts for only about a
quarter of total biofuels production.
Ethanol, and ethanol-based ETBE
(ethyl tertiary butyl ether), are the
preferred alternatives.
In the EU, ethanol is produced primarily
by fermentation of sugar beet
and/or grain. It can be added directly
to petrol or processed into ETBE.
In 2008 bioethanol consumption increased
by about 55 % (consumption
in 2007: 13.9 TWh). Overall, a total of
21.5 TWh of that biogenic fuel were
used.
With a 4 % share, vegetable oil fuel
plays only a subordinate role within
the biofuels portfolio. Only Germany
has a significant market for that
biogenic fuel – of the EU-wide sales
totalling 5 TWh, 4.4 TWh were consumed
in Germany.
The importance of the transport sector
for the expansion of renewable
50 Renewable energy sources in figures
biofuels consumption in road transports in
the eu, 2007 and 2008
Germany
France
United
Kingdom
Italy
Spain
Poland
Rest of EU
4.1
4.5
1.6
5.3
1.1
7.5
9.3
8.7
17.3
Consumption 2008
Consumption 2007
18.7
25.0
28.2
37.9
Segments of the EU biofuels
market in 2008
Biodiesel
78 %
Total
for 2008:
about
122 TWh
Bioethanol
18 %
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 [TWh]
45.4
Vegetable oil
4 %
The figure summarises the currently available statistics (cf. sources). These data can diverge
from relevant national statistics. The reasons for this include differences in methods. Figures
for 2008 are estimates.
Source: Observ’ER [122]
energies is obvious – and not only
with regard to the need to reduce
dependency on energy imports.
Biofuels contribute significantly to
reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
in road transport.
The Biofuels Directive, 2003/30/EC,
formulated the first indicative targets
for biofuels at the EU level: a
2 % share in 2005 and a 5.75 %
share in 2010. The targets are not
binding, and the intensity with
which they are being implemented
at the national level differs from
country to country. According to
EurObserv’ER, biofuels’ share of total
road transport consumption in the
EU increased from 2.6 % in 2007 to
3.4 % 1) , in 2008 [122].
The new EU Directive (2009/28/EC)
defines the first relevant binding target
for the transport sector. By 2020,
at least 10 % of final energy consumption
in the transport sector
(all modes of transport) are to be
provided by the various renewable
energies available in the different
EU Member States.
The Directive is not geared to an
explicit share for biofuel, but refers
to renewables-based energy in general.
Consequently, in meeting their
minimum targets, Member States
will have a number of options in addition
to the biofuels already established
in the fuel sector. These will
include a number of biofuels that
have not yet reached market maturity
(such as BtL fuels, and bioethanol
from lignocellulosic raw materials),
and renewables-based electricity
and hydrogen.
1) With respect to total fuel consumption of
3,594 TWh in 2008 in the road transport
sector

soCIo-eConoMIC asPeCts of renewable energIes
In seleCteD eu CountrIes, 2008
turnover from renewable energies in 2008
Photovoltaics
wind
energy
solid
biomass
biofuels
geoth.
energy
solar
thermal
energy
small
hydropower
2)
biogas
total
countries
Germany
[mill. eur]
1) 9,500 5,800 3,110 3,500 1,840 1,700 374 430 26,254
Spain 16,380 3,270 1,250 360 5 375 170 N/A 21,810
France 870 2,700 2,500 2,850 1,900 735 360 365 12,280
Denmark < 5 11,400 400 N/A < 5 50 N/A 35 11,895
Italy 1,700 1,410 550 1,235 N/A 400 440 N/A 5,735
Sweden 122 628 2,400 1,150 570 60 280 N/A 5,210
Austria 275 300 650 N/A 220 590 84 64 2,183
United Kingdom 25 1,500 300 N/A N/A 130 150 N/A 2,105
Finland < 5 N/A 1,250 7 135 < 5 25 9 1,436
Netherlands 413 400 62 150 50 60 - 62 1,197
Poland 5 83 400 5 15 100 40 4 652
Slovakia < 5 N/A 150 4 < 5 10 4 < 1 179
Slovenia 5 - 100 N/A < 5 10 8 N/A 128
Luxembourg < 5 N/A 5 - - < 2 4 < 1 17
total 29,310 27,491 13,127 9,261 4,750 4,227 1,939 971 91,081
Pursuant to Observ’ER, 14 selected
EU countries achieved total turnover
of over 91 billion euros in 2008 with
renewable energies. Germany heads
up the ranking in this group, with
total revenue of about 26 billion euros
1) , followed by Spain (about 21.8
billion euros), France (12.3 billion euros)
and Denmark (about 12 billion
euros). This means that these countries
account for about 80 % of the total
turnover of the countries studied.
Wind
energy
28 %
The photovoltaic sector, with turnover
of about 29.3 billion euros, was
the strongest sector in this regard,
followed by the wind energy sector,
with about 27.5 billion euros.
All in all, according to Observ’ER,
the renewable energies sector accounted
for nearly 660,000 jobs in
2008. Of those, 266,300 were in Germany
and 128,540 in France. This
corresponded to 60 % of the total
workforce in the renewables sector.
Jobs in the renewable energies sector in selected eu countries, 2008
Photovoltaics
16 %
according to
sectors
Solid biomass
31 %
Total about 657,600 jobs
Solar thermal energy
6 %
Geoth. energy
4 %
Small hydropower
Biogas
4 %
1)
Biofuels
9 %
2 %
FR
128,540
ES
86,000
according to
countries 3)
DE 2)
266,200
DK 33,375
SE 29,790
IT 28,400
AT 24,400
PL 20,820
FI 17,620
UK 12,000
NL 4,395
SK 3,950
SI 1,680
EU: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The data include production,
sales, installation, operation
and maintenance of systems
1) To ensure consistency, the
figures for Germany were
taken from the source used;
discrepancies with figures
on page 26 are due (for
example) to differences in
delimitation of technology
areas
2) < 10 MW installed capacity
Source: Observ’ER [122]
With about 195,000 jobs, the biomass
sector is the most important
in this category, followed closely by
the wind energy sector with about
187,000 jobs.
1) Total value added in the “Energy and
water supply” economic sector in 2007 in
Germany amounted to about 48 billion
euros [37].
1) < 10 MW installed output
2) The figures for Germany differ
from those presented on page 27,
since EurObserver only considered
jobs in the area of small
hydropower systems. In addition,
jobs resulting through use of
public / non-profit funding are
not shown.
3) Luxembourg, with 300 jobs, is not
shown in the figure
Source: Observ’ER [122]
Renewable energy sources in figures
51

EU: PROMOTION OF RENEWABLES-BASED ELECTRICITY
InstruMents for the ProMotIon of renewable energy
sourCes In the eu eleCtrICIty Market
The EU’s new Directive for renewable
energies (2009/28/EC) is aimed
at increasing the renewables’ share
of total final energy consumption in
the EU to 20 % by 2020 (cf. also page
39). Renewables-based electricity
will contribute significantly to the
achievement of that target.
As the examples of wind energy and
other renewable energy technologies
show, the various EU Member
States differ widely in terms of their
success in expanding use of renewable
energies in the electricity sector
(cf. also page 44 “Expansion of electricity
generation ...”). This is due
primarily to differences in their respective
energy-policy frameworks.
Currently, a total of 21 EU Member
States rely wholly or partly on feedin
tariffs as a support instrument.
That instrument has been highly
successful throughout Europe in expanding
renewable energies’ share
of electricity generation. Germany’s
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG),
has been especially successful.
For example, in its report of January
2008, the European Commission
found that well-formulated feed-in
regulations for electricity from renewable
energy sources are more
effective and more efficient than
other instruments for promoting
renewable energies. Quota systems
with tradable certificates, which
some countries have been using,
have thus far failed to produce comparable
results.
A project supported by the Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(BMU) operates a free-of-charge,
freely accessible Internet database,
at www.res-legal.eu, entitled RES
LEGAL, the website on legislation on
renewable energy generation. The
database is a resource for key legal
information relative to promotion
of, and network access for, renewable
energies in the 27 EU Member
States. The database also lists technology-specific
provisions.
52 Renewable energy sources in figures
PT
PT
ES
IE
UK
FR
NL
BE
LU
DK
DE
IT
SE
PL
FI
EE
LA
LT
CZ
SK
AT
SI
HU
RO
MT
Feed-in regulation
CY
Quotas system
Further promotion instruments
Technology-specific application
of quota and feed-in tariffs Source: updated on the basis of Klein et al. [133]
the International feed-In
Cooperation (IfIC)
At the 2004 International Conference
for Renewable Energies in
Bonn, Spain and Germany agreed
to share their experience with their
regulations for feed-in tariffs for renewables-based
electricity. They also
agreed to intensify their cooperation
in this area (International Feed-In
Cooperation). In October 2005, this
cooperation was placed on a formal
basis by the signing of a joint declaration.
In January 2007, Slovenia
joined the IFIC by signing the joint
declaration.
The aims of the cooperation include
promoting exchange of experience
EL
BG
with feed-in systems; optimising
such systems; supporting other
countries in improving and developing
feed-in systems; and sharing
relevant experience in the framework
of international forums, especially
in political debate within the
European Union.
At the beginning of 2010, a total of
50 countries worldwide, along with
25 other states/provinces/regions,
had introduced regulations pertaining
to feed-in of renewables-based
electricity [134].
Further information is available at
www.feed-in-cooperation.org.

Part III:
global use of renewable energy
sourCes
WELT: GLOBAL USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
Meeting the energy demands of a growing world population in a sustain-
able manner is one of the major challenges facing us in the future.
renewable energy sources already make an important contribution in this
respect – around 16 % of global final energy consumption is from renewable sources.
Even on a global scale, our future
energy supply will not satisfy the criteria
of sustainability unless there is
a substantial and continuous expansion
in renewable energy sources.
Further expansion is also crucial for
implementing the targets under the
Kyoto Protocol in order to limit emissions
of climate-damaging greenhouse
gases.
Furthermore, renewable energy
sources represent an important opportunity
for developing countries,
since access to energy is a key factor
in combating poverty. A large
proportion of the population in
such countries inhabit rural areas in
which a lack of transmission grids
makes conventional energy supply
impossible. The decentralised nature
of renewables means that they are
able to provide a basic supply, e.g.
in the form of off-grid photovoltaic
plants for domestic demands. An
estimated 3 million households in
developing countries currently produce
electricity from a photovoltaic
system [134]. Renewable energies
thus broaden access to modern energy
– especially electricity – which in
turn improves living conditions and
offers opportunities for economic development.
Renewable energy sources in figures
53

WORLD: GLOBAL USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
The huge importance of renewable
energy sources for sustainable development
is widely recognised. At
the national level, a range of mechanisms
are currently used to promote
the development of renewable energy
sources (cf. pages 28 – 32 and 52).
A look at the absolute figures shows
that some 62,400 PJ of renewable primary
energy were produced globally
in 2007 (2006: about 60,800 PJ). On
average, renewables have increased
by 1.7 % per annum since 1990.
Nevertheless, renewables’ share of
global primary energy consumption
has tended to remain between 12 %
and 13 % since the 1980s (2007:
12.4 %). This means that the increase
in total primary energy consumption
is only just compensated by the
54 Renewable energy sources in figures
increase in the supply of renewable
energy.
Nearly one-fifth of the global population
(OECD) continues to consume
around half of the world’s primary
energy. That statistic is supported
by per capita consumption figures,
which in industrialised countries
(OECD), at nearly 200 GJ, are
2.6 times higher than the global
average (76 GJ per capita). In China
and India, the most densely populated
countries on earth, per capita
energy demand is only 62 and 22 GJ
respectively. However, the energy
demands of developing and newly
industrialising countries are on the
increase.
Development of the global population and global primary energy consumption
3.8
1971
4.4
5.3
6.1
World population [bn.]
6.5
6.6
194
OECD
Primary energy consumption
2007 [GJ/per capita]
76 World
62 India 56
China 22 Rest of
world
232
Against this background, it becomes
clear that the challenges of global
energy supply and, in particular,
climate protection, call for a more
efficient use of energy and greater
momentum in the development
of renewable energy sources. This
is particularly true for wind, solar
and ocean energy but it also applies
to geothermal energy and modern
techniques for the use of biomass.
The common forms of renewables
use which have dominated until
now – heat generation via combustion
of firewood and charcoal (traditional
biomass use) and electricity
generation from hydropower – are
fast approaching their limits, and
occasionally represent no sustainable
use of renewables.
Rest of world
India
China
OECD
1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007
303
367
419
478
504
Global primary energy consumption [EJ]
PEC calculated in accordance with the
physical energy content method
Sources: IEA (117)

global energy suPPly froM renewable energIes
structure of global final energy consumption in 2007
Fossil fuels
81 %
Nuclear energy
3 %
RE share
16 %
In 2007 some 16 % of global final
energy demand was met with renewable
energies. However, traditional
biomass use accounts for the majority
of this category, representing 12 % of
such demand. Hydropower accounts
for 3 %, while the remaining share of
1 % is spread over other renewable
energy technologies.
Traditional
biomass 12.0 %
Other renewables
0.3 %
Geoth. energy
0.1 %
Hydropower
3.2 %
Biofuels
0.4 %
Modern biomass
0.2 %
Development of global final energy
consumption has followed the
trend for primary energy consumption,
which has more than doubled
since 1971 (2007: about 500,000 PJ).
In 2007 alone, global demand for
energy rose by 1.7 %, or, in absolute
terms, by 8,270 PJ (by way of comparison:
in 2009, primary energy
Development of global renewables-based primary energy production
and of renewables’ share of primary energy consumption
Renewables-based energy production [PJ]
WORLD: ENERGY SUPPLY
The global final energy share is higher than
the global primary energy share. This is
partly due to traditional biomass use, all
of which represents final energy consumption.
In addition, the primary energy share
depends on what method is used to calculate
the primary energy equivalent for renewable
energies.
Other renewables = Wind, solar and
ocean energy
Source: pursuant to IEA [117]
70,000 13.1
13.2
60,000 12.9
13.0
50,000
12.8
12.8
40,000 12.7
12.7
12.6
12.6
30,000 12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4 12.4
20,000 12.3
12.2
10,000 12.0
0 11.8
1980 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
consumption in Germany totalled
around 13,300 PJ). Renewable energies’
share of global primary energy
consumption in 2007 was 12.4 %,
the same level seen in the previous
year.
Renewables’ share of PEC [%]
Other renewables
Hydropower
Biomass/waste 1)
Share of RE
1) Only renewable
fraction of waste
taken into account
PEC calculated in
accordance with the
physical energy content
method
Sources: IEA [116], [117]
Renewable energy sources in figures
55

WORLD: GROWTH/APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Mean growth rates for primary energy consumption
and renewable energies, 1990 to 2007
Growth rate [%/a]
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.9
1.2 1.7 1.9 2.1
PEC RE total Hydro- Geoth.
power energy
Against the background of the Kyoto
Protocol’s climate protection targets,
the development of renewable energy
sources has been a particular
focus since 1990. However up to
now, efforts to significantly raise
their importance in the energy supply
have failed. Globally, the energy
supply increased by an average of
1.7 % per year until 2007, thereby
slightly lagging behind growth in
56 Renewable energy sources in figures
0.4
2.2
0.7 1.2 1.2
Solid
biomass
12.9
10.4 9.8
Other
biomass 1)
primary energy consumption, which
amounted to 1.9 %.
A changing trend has been seen in
industrialised countries since 2005,
in that growth of renewable energy
generation, at 1.5 % for a 5-year period,
has exceeded growth in total
primary energy consumption for the
first time (2005: 1.4 % per year). In
2007, renewable energies reached
a growth rate of 1.9 % per annum,
5.9
Solar
energy
Shares of renewable energies in energy demand in the various sectors, 2007
[Share in %]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
52.3
17.4
63.3
Priv. households,
services and
public sector
24.4
Globally, around 52 % of the renewable
energy supply is now used to
provide heat in private households
and in the public and services sectors.
In the main, such heat provision
involves wood and charcoal.
The second main area of application
49.5
16.5
Power plants Other transformation/
energy sectors
25.0
18.6
6.2 7.3 5.9
12.3
10.3
4.8
7.2
is electricity generation. However,
there are substantial regional differences:
whereas in the western industrialised
countries (OECD), half of
renewable energy sources are used
to generate electricity, in non-OECD
countries the corresponding figure is
Industry Other
24.0
Wind
energy
global
OECD
The OECD member
states are listed in
Annex (8)
1) Biogenic fraction
of municipal waste;
biogas, liquid biomass
Source: IEA (116)
while growth of the OECD’s total primary
energy consumption showed
a slightly downward trend, moving
from 1.3 % per annum in 2006 to
1.2 % per annum in 2007. Renewable
energies’ percentage share of the
OECD’s primary energy consumption
in 2007 was 6.5 %, just 0.7 % higher
than the corresponding share for
1990. For 2008, the International
Energy Agency estimates the share
at 6.8 %.
4.0
global
OECD
Non-OECD
The OECD member
states are listed in
Annex (8)
Source: pursuant
to IEA (116)
only 16.5 %. The share attributable
to decentralised heat provision is accordingly
high in those countries, at
just under 63 %, compared with only
around 17 % in the OECD countries.

egIonal use of renewable energIes In 2007 –
arounD the globe
PeC
of which,
renewable
re as a
share of PeC
[PJ] [PJ] [%]
hydro-
power
Principal re
as a share of total re [%]
biomass/
waste 1)
other 2)
Africa 26,415 12,753 48.3 2.7 97.0 0.3
Latin America 3) 23,074 7,047 30.5 34.2 64.2 1.3
Asia 3) 57,654 15,709 27.2 5.9 89.8 4.3
China 82,461 10,103 12.3 17.3 80.6 2.1
Middle East 22,957 167 0.7 48.2 30.1 21.7
Trans. economies 46,952 1,708 3.6 61.5 37.1 1.5
OECD 230,158 14,985 6.5 30.2 56.6 13.2
Global 4) 503,517 62,477 12.4 17.7 77.3 4.9
biomass/waste
about 48,300 PJ (77.4 %)
64.3 %
1.3 %
17.6 %
16.9 %
OECD Developing countries China
1)
Transition economies
The share of energy that is generally
considered renewable is particularly
high in Africa, due to that region’s
traditional use of biomass. However,
much of the biomass use is not sustainable.
Basic forms of cooking
and heating that use open fires can
impair health and also lead to deforestation,
which can often be irreversible.
In developing countries,
particularly in rural regions, around
2.5 billion people – or 40 % of the
world’s population – rely solely on
hydropower
about 11,060 PJ (17.7 %)
33.8 %
9.5 %
15.8 %
40.9 %
traditional biomass for their cooking
and heating requirements. Allowing
for population growth, the IEA
expects that figure to rise to more
than 2.6 billion by the year 2015
(2030: 2.7 billion).
Hydropower from large dams can
also be an unsustainable use of renewable
energy, since such dams
can have serious social and ecological
consequences.
WORLD: REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
Transition economies: Countries that are in
transition from a planned economy to a market
economy; the IEA uses this term to refer to the
countries of non-OECD Europe and the countries
of the former USSR.
1) for OECD, biogenic portion of waste only;
other regions also include non-biogenic
portions
2) Geothermal energy, solar energy, wind
energy, ocean energy
3) Latin America excluding Mexico, and Asia
excluding China
4) Including high sea bunkers
PEC calculated in accordance with the physical
energy content method
Source: IEA [116]
geothermal energy, solar,
wind, ocean energy
about 3,060 PJ (4.9 %)
27.6 %
6.9 %
0.8 %
64.6 %
1) Excluding China
Source: IEA [116]
Renewable energy sources in figures
57

WORLD: ELECTRICITY GENERATION
global eleCtrICIty generatIon froM renewable energIes
electricity generation from renewable energies, in various regions, in 2007
Geoth. energy
Wind energy
380
Canada 359
513
eu-27
248
former
ussr
99
Japan
Other biomass
38
23
496
Solid biomass/waste
Hydropower
99
Middle
east
China
africa
19
699
latin
america
77.1 %
9.2 %
2.0 %
9.2 %
2.5 %
95.6 %
2.0 %
1.2 %
1.1 %
australia
1)
usa
Mexico
Figures in TWh
World total about 3,540 TWh
oeCD
about 1,640 TWh
non-oeCD
about 1,900 TWh
1) Asia excluding China and Japan;
Latin America excluding Mexico
Solar energy / ocean energy not shown.
In 2007, these energy forms contributed a
total of 5.3 TWh to the world’s electricity
generation. Source: IEA [117]
renewable energies’ shares of global
electricity generation, 2007
Oil
5.7 %
Gas
20.9 %
Coal 1)
41.8 %
Nuclear
energy
13.8 %
RE share
17.9 %
The share for global electricity generation
from hydropower, at 15.6 %, is higher than
that for nuclear energy (13.8 %). When
shares of PEC are considered the relationship
reverses: nuclear energy provides a
considerably larger share of PEC – 5.9 % –
than hydropower (2.2 %). The reason for
this distortion is that electricity from
nuclear energy is assessed with an average
conversion efficiency of 33 %, in keeping
with relevant international agreements,
Nearly one-fifth of global electricity
generation in 2007 was based on renewable
energies. But with a share
of 19.2 % in 1990 and 17.9 % in 2007,
renewables-based global electricity
generation proved unable to sur-
58 Renewable energy sources in figures
Total RE
about 3,540 TWh
Other 2)
1.2 %
Hydropower
15.6 %
Biomass/waste
1.1 %
while assessment of electricity generation
from hydropower pursuant to the physical
energy content method applies an efficiency
of 100 %.
1) Includes the non-renewable fraction of
waste (0.2%)
2) Geothermal, solar, wind, ocean energy
Source: IEA (116), (117)
pass the 20 % mark – and its share
of global electricity generation actually
decreased. The further development
of this share is influenced by
the various framework conditions
prevailing in the OECD’s industr-
294
asia 1)
ialised countries and in non-OECD
countries.
The relatively slow growth of hydro-
power in the OECD is the main
reason for the decrease in renewable
energies’ global share. Hydropower
accounts for the largest share
– about 80 % – of renewables-based
electricity generation. Admittedly,
most industrialised countries have
no further capacities for increasing
hydropower. In such countries, the
growth push needed to increase the
global share can only be achieved by
stepping up the use of other renewable
technologies.
In non-OECD countries, which generate
more than half of the world’s
renewables-based electricity, future
growth in total electricity demand
is expected to be higher than in the
OECD, due to non-OECD countries’
sharper growth in population compared
with industrialised countries,
and to rising income levels in those
countries. This means that to maintain
their global share of electricity
generation, renewable energies must
at least keep pace.

InternatIonal renewable energy agenCy
The International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA), a German initiative,
was founded on 26 January 2009
in Bonn. To date, nearly 150 countries,
along with the European Union,
have signed the Statute of the
Agency. IRENA is the first international
organisation whose sole purpose
is to promote use of renewable
energies.
An international, government-mandated
organisation, IRENA has been
established to support both industrialised
and developing countries
in expanding their use of renewable
energies. IRENA will serve as
a knowledge resource for successful
political frameworks and practical
applications, and it will provide
technological know-how relative to
renewable energies.
Until the Statute’s entry into force
and the first session of the body’s assembly,
a preparatory commission,
comprising representatives of all signatories,
took the decisions necessary
for IRENA’s establishment. The
Statute then is going to enter into
force in July 2010, following deposition
of the required number of 25 instruments
of ratification.
In June 2009, the preparatory commission,
meeting in Sharm El-Sheikh,
elected Hélène Pelosse (France) as its
Interim Director-General. The Secretariat’s
headquarters is in Abu Dhabi.
An IRENA Innovation and Technology
Centre (IITC)) is being established
in Bonn, and a liaison office is being
established in Vienna, to maintain
contact with other organisations active
in the field of renewable energy
(including the UN).
Renewable energy sources in figures
IRENA
In January 2010, the preparatory
commission, meeting in Abu Dhabi,
approved the Agency’s work programme
and budget for 2010. The
budget amounts to some 14 million
USD. The IITC in Bonn and the liaison
office in Vienna are being additionally
financed by Germany and
Austria respectively. The work programme
also defines the tasks for
the Agency’s three locations. The
IITC, working in cooperation with
headquarters, will concentrate especially
on the areas of renewable energy
potential, scenarios and technology
road maps. It will also focus
on research, technology assessment
and implementation of the Technology
Action Plans put together in the
framework of the Major Economies
Forum.
Further information is available at
www.irena.org.
Dr Sultan Al Jaber, United Arab Emirates, Chair of the 3rd session of the Preparatory Commission of IRENA and
Hélène Pelosse, Interim Director-General, on 17 January 2010 in Abu Dhabi
59

RENEWABLES2004
InternatIonal ConferenCe for renewable energy sourCes
– renewables2004 – anD Its follow-uP ProCess
The International Conference for Renewable
Energies – renewables2004
– initiated a breakthrough in the
expansion of renewable energies in
a global context. Successful implementation
of nearly 200 activities
under the Bonn International Action
Programme (IAP) is already contributing
to global climate protection
and sustainable development; if
the IAP is implemented in full, CO 2
emissions could be reduced by a total
of 1.2 billion tonnes per annum
by the year 2015. This is equivalent
to about 5 % of global emissions in
2015. Moreover, implementation of
the IAP will provide up to 300 million
people with access to electricity
for the first time. Final records
of the event, including conference
documents and an assessment of the
IAP, are available at
http://renewables2004.de/.
A further outcome of the conference
is the founding of the global Renewable
Energy Policy Network (REN21).
Governments, international organisations
and representatives of civil
society are working together in
REN21 to promote renewables worldwide.
Each year, REN21 publishes a
global status report that provides a
comprehensive overview of relevant
support policies, markets, investments
and jobs (available at www.
ren21.net). In addition, REN21 supports
the “Global Trends in Sustain-
60 Renewable energy sources in figures
able Energy Investments” report (at
www.sefi.unep.org), and monitors
implementation of the IAP. REN21
also supported implementation of
the United Nations Bonn Resolutions,
particularly those taken in the
framework of the UN Commission
on Sustainable Development.
Following the Bonn renewables conference,
a process of follow-up conferences
became established.
In 2005, the Chinese Government
held the first follow-up conference
– the Beijing International Renewable
Energy Conference (BIREC 2005)
– with the support of the German
Government. The conference was attended
by 1,300 delegates from 100
countries, including 30 government
representatives at ministerial level,
and was a great success.
In 2008, the second follow-up conference,
the Washington International
Renewable Energy Conference
(WIREC), was hosted by the US
Government. The principal outcome
was an action programme comprising
more than 90 declarations of
commitment by governments, companies
and civil associations. These
declarations of commitment are
available at the conference website
www.wirec2008.gov.
The third follow-up conference is
being hosted by the Indian Government,
and will take place from
27 – 29 October 2010 in New Delhi.
The Delhi International Renewable
Energy Conference (DIREC) aims to
highlight the role of renewable energies
in international energy and
climate policy. Further information
is available at
http://direc2010.gov.in/.
The German Government also supports
relevant regional activities
and cooperation with key developing
and newly industrialising countries.
In one such effort, the German
Government promotes use of
renewable energies in Arab countries
– for example, via the Arab initiative
of the Middle East and North
Africa Renewable Energy Conferences
(MENAREC). In 2004, this was
held in Sana’a (Yemen), in 2005 in
Amman (Jordan), in 2006 in Cairo
(Egypt) and in 2007 in Damascus
(Syria). Morocco has agreed to host
the fifth conference.
Expansion of renewable energies is
also being promoted within the context
of the Indo-German Energy
Forum (IGEF) and the German-Brazilian
energy agreement.
The Renewable Energy Technology
Deployment (RETD) Implementing
Agreement was established on
the initiative of the BMU. The RETD
is an overarching, cross-technology
agreement that, in the framework
of the International Energy Agency
(IEA), is designed to boost market
introduction of renewable energy
technologies. Concluded in
2005, the agreement now includes
the active participation of 10 countries
(Germany, France, Japan, Italy,
the UK, Denmark, Netherlands, Canada,
Ireland and Norway). The RETD
supports relevant renewable energy
projects and carries out expert conferences,
the most recent of which
was held in April 2009.
Further information is available at
http://iea-retd.org/.

annex: MethoDologICal notes
Some of the data published here
reflects provisional results only. Figures
may still change in comparison
with earlier publications until final
data is published. Differences between
the figures in the tables and
the corresponding column or line to-
tals are due to rounding up or down.
The commonly used energy statistics
terminology includes the term
(primary) energy consumption,
although that term is not correct in
a physical sense – energy is neither
extracted nor consumed, but can
schematic diagramme of energy flows in germany in 2008 [PJ]
Removal
from stocks
Statistical
differences
35
2,645
Industry
* All figures are provisional/estimated.
29.308 petajoules (PJ) ^ 1 Mtce
=
51
Source: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen
09/2009; available at www.ag-energiebilanzen.de.
Domestic
production
4,147
16,358
Imports
Domestic energy production
14,280
Primary energy consumption *
9,126
Final energy consumption
2,575
Transport
12,160
Exports and bunkering
2,078
Non-energy-related consumption
1,030
Conversion losses
519
Consumption in energy sectors
2,502
Households
3,570
ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
merely be converted into different
forms of energy (such as heat, electricity,
mechanical energy). Since
such conversion is never completely
reversible, it always entails some
losses of useful energy.
1,404
Commerce, trade,
services
Renewable energy sources in figures
61

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
1. energy supply from photovoltaic and solar thermal systems
Photovoltaic power
The figure given for electricity generation
in 2009 is based on net installation
construction pursuant to
data of the Federal Network Agency.
The electricity generation figures for
the period 2002 to 2008 correspond
to those given in the yearly summaries
of the Association of German
network operators (VDN) and BDEW
(Bundesverband der Energie- und
Wasserwirtschaft – Federal association
of the energy and water industry)
relative to the Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG). For the period
through 2001 electricity generation
was calculated on the basis of
the installed capacity at the beginning
of each relevant year and half
of the net capacity growth for the
year, multiplied by a specific electricity
yield, provided by Solarener-
2. Co 2 - and so 2 equivalent
The key greenhouse gases are the
so-called “Kyoto gases”, CO 2 , CH 4 ,
N 2 O, SF 6 , PFC and HFC. The Kyoto
Protocol calls for emissions of these
gases to be reduced. The gases contribute
in varying degrees to the
greenhouse effect. To make it possible
to compare the greenhouse
effects of the different individual
gases, each gas is assigned a factor,
62 Renewable energy sources in figures
gie-Förderverein (Solar energy promotion
association) [26] in the form
of an average value for Germany.
The reason why only half of the net
capacity growth was taken into account
for each year is that only part
of each year’s net capacity growth is
available for electricity generation
in the relevant year.
Solar thermal systems
The heat supply figures given are
calculated on the basis of the installed
collector area and a mean
annual heat yield. For water heating
systems, that factor is 450 kWh/
m 2 *a. In addition to systems designed
only for heating water, in recent
years more and more solar thermal
systems have been installed that
combine water heating and central
heating support functions.
known as the “greenhouse warming
potential” (GWP), which expresses
the greenhouse effect of the gas in
comparison with the reference substance
CO 2 .
The CO 2 equivalent of each Kyoto
gas is derived by multiplying the
relative GWP of the gas by the relevant
mass of the gas. The result in-
gas relative greenhouse potential 1)
CO 2
CH 4
1
21
N 2 O 310
gas relative acidification potential
1
SO 2
NO x
NH 3
0.696
1.88
The acidification potential of SO 2 ,
NO X , HF, HCl, H 2 S and NH 3 is determined
with the same method as the
CO 2 equivalent. The SO 2 equivalent
of each of these air pollutants expresses
the quantity of SO 2 which
Because systems that support central
heating systems cannot operate to
full capacity in summer months
(i.e. their full capacity cannot be
made use of), a reduced heat yield
of 300 kWh/m 2 *a is used in calculations
for such systems. A factor of
300 kWh/m 2 *a is also used for calculations
relative to swimming pool
absorber systems.
Since systems are continually being
added, the available collector area at
any given time during a given year
will be lower than the installed area
at year’s end. Consequently, only
half of the net area growth for any
given year is used for calculation of
heat production in the relevant year.
dicates the quantity of CO 2 which
would develop the same greenhouse
effect over an observation period of
100 years.
Due to limited data availability the
calculation of avoided emissions
only takes the greenhouse gases
CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O into account.
1) The calculations in this brochure have been
made on the basis of the values pursuant to
IPCC, from 1995 [108]. The UNFCCC Guidelines
[111], stipulate use of those values for
reporting on greenhouse gases under the
UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), and under the Kyoto
Protocol.
The GWP is oriented to a time horizon of 100
years; CO is the reference substance.
2
would produce the same acidifying
effect (i.e. as the relevant pollutant).
Due to limited data availability, the
calculation of avoided emissions
only takes the air pollutants SO 2 and
NO X into account.

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
3. Calculation of avoidance factors and avoided emissions for renewables-based electricity
generation
Calculation of emissions avoided
through the use of renewable energies
takes account of structures in
the renewables-based electricity sector
and of relevant substitution and
emission factors. In each case, a substitution
factor shows what fossil
fuels a renewable energy source is
replacing. Emission factors express
the quantities of greenhouse gases
and air pollutants that are emitted
per kWh of fossil-based or renewables-based
electricity. They reflect
both direct emissions tied to electricity
generation itself and emissions
produced in the related upstream
stages. The upstream stages
include emissions released in production
of relevant generation installations
and emissions produced
in production, processing and transport
of energy sources (fossil and
renewable). In cases involving combined
electricity and heat generation,
emissions are allocated pursuant
to the “Finnish method” defined
in EU Directive 2004/8/EC.
The substitution factors used are
based on the “Gutachten zur CO 2 -
Minderung im Stromsektor durch
den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien
im Jahr 2006 und 2007” (“Report on
CO 2 reduction in the electricity sector
via use of renewable energies in
2006 and 2007”; Klobasa et al. [88]).
Using an electricity market model,
the study determined the extent to
which renewable energies can replace
conventional energy sources,
given the current power plant park.
The pertinent emissions reductions
were calculated with the substitution
factors from 2006. According
to the report, renewable energies at
present are not substituting for any
of the base load capacity provided
by nuclear power stations, since nuclear
base load capacity has lower
variable costs than relevant capacity
of lignite-fired power stations.
The emission factors for fossil-based
and renewables-based electricity
generation were obtained from various
databases and from research
projects.
The direct emission factors for fossilbased
electricity generation are calculated
with an implicit procedure,
and on the basis of the Federal Environment
Agency (UBA) database for
national emissions reporting (CSE)
[99]. In addition, calculation of the
implicit emission factors takes account
of the fuel-use efficiencies
for the different types of power stations
concerned. The data resources
for this purpose are the “Sondertabelle
Bruttostromerzeugung nach
Energieträgern” (“Special table on
gross electricity generation, by energy
sources”) [143] and the “Auswer-
substitution factors for renewables-based electricity 1)
nuclear
energy
lignite hard coal
natural
gas
Mineral
oils
Hydropower 0 30
[%]
45 25 0
Wind energy 0 11 63 24 2
Photovoltaic power 0 0 50 50 0
Solid biomass 0 16 59 25 0
Liquid biomass 0 5 62 32 1
Biogas 0 5 62 32 1
Landfill gas 0 5 62 32 1
Sewage gas 0 5 62 32 1
Biogenic fraction of waste 2) 0 16 59 25 0
Geothermal energy 0 30 45 25 0
tungstabellen zur Energiebilanz”
(“Energy-Balance evaluation tables”)
[5] of the Working Group on Energy
Balances (AGEB). Compared to the
previous year, there were changes
in the underlying fuel-use efficiencies,
which led to a lower emissions
avoidance figure achieved with renewables-based
electricity of 2.4
million tonnes of CO 2 . These changes
result from alterations made by
the AGEB in energy-balance calculation
of primary energy inputs for
combined electricity / heat generation.
In particular, allocation pursuant
to the “Finnish method” yields
higher fuel-use efficiencies for power
stations subject to substitution.
The largest change occurred in the
fuel-use efficiency for natural gas.
The emissions data for fossil-based
upstream stages were taken from
the GEMIS database of the Öko-Institut
e.V. (Institute for Applied Ecology
[90]). For the emission factors
for renewable energies, representative
data records were selected from
various databases and adapted as
necessary. The main sources used included
Öko-Institut [90], Ecoinvent
[84], UBA [99], Vogt et al. [89], Ciroth
[83] and Frick et al. [86]. Comprehensive
information about the calculation
methods and data sources used
is provided in UBA [75].
1) This should be interpreted as follows: for
example, of every kWh of hydroelectric
power, 30 % substitutes for electricity from
lignite-fired power stations, 45 % substitutes
for electricity from hard-coal-fired power
stations and 25 % substitutes for electricity
from gas-fired power stations.
2) Biogenic waste fraction set at 50 %
Source: Klobasa et al. [88]
Renewable energy sources in figures
63

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
4. Calculation of avoidance factors and avoided emissions for renewables-based heat generation
The greenhouse gas and air pollution
emissions avoided via use of renewable
energies in the heat sector
are calculated in a three-step procedure:
Firstly, substitution factors are determined
for each of the renewablesbased
heat supply paths. These factors
describe the additional primary
and secondary (such as district heat
and electricity) fossil-based energy
sources that would have to be used
for heat generation if the renewables-based
heat generation capacities
were unavailable. An empirical
study on use of solar thermal systems,
heat pumps and wood-fired
systems in private households has
provided important information in
this regard [87]. Information published
by the Working Group on En-
64 Renewable energy sources in figures
ergy Balances (AGEB) relative to energy
consumption in the industry
sectors
manufacturing of non-metallic minerals,
paper industry and other industry
(including the wood industry),
as well as in private households,
was also used. With regard to renewables-based
district and local
heat produced from wood, from biogenic
fractions of waste and from
geothermal energy, it is assumed
that this replaces 100% of fossilbased
district heating, with comparable
grid losses.
In a second step, emission factors for
the renewables-based heat supply for
private households, agriculture and
industry, and for the corresponding
avoided fossil-based heat production,
are taken or derived from UBA
Substitution factors for renewables-based heat
[99], Öko-Institut [90], Ecoinvent [84],
Vogt et al. [89], Ciroth [83], Frick et
al. [86]. The emission factors used
take account of the entire upstream
chain for provision of fossil-based
and renewable energy sources. In
cases involving combined electricity/
heat generation, emissions are
allocated to electricity and to heat
pursuant to the “Finnish method”
defined in EU Directive 2004/8/EC.
In a final summing step, the resulting
avoided fossil-based emissions
are compared to the emissions occurring
in relevant use of renewable
energies, to determine the net avoidance
of greenhouse gases and air
pollution. Comprehensive information
about the calculation methods
and data sources used is provided in
UBA [75].
Heating oil Natural gas Hard coal Lignite District heat Elec. heating
[%]
Wood - stand-alone stoves (households) 41 50 0 1 2 6
Wood - central heating systems (households) 65 20 2 3 0 10
Solid biomass (industry) 17 55 10 12 7 0
Solid biomass (CHP/HP) 0 0 0 0 100 0
Liquid biomass (industry) 5 74 9 1 11 0
Liquid biomass (households) 33 48 1 1 8 8
Biogas, sewage gas, landfill gas (BCHP) 61 33 6 0 0 0
Biogenic fraction of waste (CHP/HP) 0 0 0 0 100 0
Deep geothermal energy (CHP/HP) 0 0 0 0 100 0
Solar thermal energy (households) 45 51 0 0 2 3
Heat pumps (households) 45 44 1 2 5 3
Total 36 38 3 2 16 4
Source: UBA [75], [99] on the basis of AGEE-Stat and Frondel et al. [87]; AGEB [2], [4]

5. Calculation of avoidance factors and avoided emissions for use of biofuels
Calculation of the greenhouse gas
emissions avoided via use of biofuels
is based on the following basic principles:
ó Consideration of the nature and
origin of the raw materials used to
produce biofuels, and inclusion of
biofuel imports
ó Allocation of main products and
by-products on the basis of lower
net calorific values
ó Consideration of differences
between production technologies/
energy supply systems
ó Reference to the relevant typical
values in the EU Renewable Energy
Directive
The substitution relationships have
been kept as simple as possible:
1 kWh of bioethanol replaces 1 kWh
of petrol, and 1 kWh of biodiesel or
vegetable oil replaces 1 kWh of mineral-based
diesel fuel. In a procedure
Different raw materials’ shares of total biofuel used in Germany, 2009
Rapeseed Soy Palm oil Waste Grain Sugar cane Sugar beets Other
[%] (figures rounded)
Biodiesel 79 10 5 6 – – – –
Vegetable oil 100 0 0 0 – – – –
Bioethanol – – – – 42 35 21 2
In addition, the emissions reduction
quantity involved is determined using
the applicable emission factors
for the various biogenic and fossil
fuels. The relevant greenhouse gas
emission reductions are calculated
To date, direct and indirect land-use
changes – which play an important
role especially in connection with
biofuels – have not been taken into
account in such balancing. Land-use
changes can produce high levels of
greenhouse gas emissions and thus
are of considerable relevance. Consequently,
they have to be taken into
account in the balance. Relevant
methods are still being developed
and are not yet available for calculations.
Direct land-use changes are insignificant
with regard to raw materials
produced on German land areas.
In the case of imports, little is
known about relevant direct landuse
changes.
on the basis of the typical values
given in the new EU Renewable
Energy Directive (2009/28/EC). In a
final step, the net avoidance of CO 2
and all other greenhouse gases is
determined by offsetting the rele-
Greenhouse gas emission
factors used
Fuel (underlying Emission factor
raw material) [g CO -eq/kWh]
2
Petrol/diesel (fossil) 301.7
Biodiesel (rapeseed) 165.6
Biodiesel (soy) 180.0
Biodiesel (palm oil) 115.2
Biodiesel (waste) 36.0
Vegetable oil (rapeseed) 126.0
Vegetable oil (soy) 152.6
Bioethanol (grain) 180.0
Bioethanol (beets) 118.8
Bioethanol (sugar cane) 86.4
Bioethanol (other) 36.0
Biodiesel (weighted) 157
Vegetable oil (weighted) 126
Bioethanol (weighted) 132
ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
similar to that used for fossil fuels,
biofuels are allocated to specific
vehicle types/transport modes (structural
elements in the TREMOD database
and in the CSE). There is no differentiation
of vehicle-related emissions
arising from the use of biofuels
instead of conventional fuels.
The bases and origin of the raw
materials are a key factor in determining
emissions avoided through
biofuel use. The following table
provides a relevant overview.
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of
BDBe [82]; VDB [81], [98] and [142];
OVID [77]; TFZ [91], Greenpeace [78],
BLE [103], destatis [104]
vant avoided fossil-based emissions
against the emissions occurring in
renewable energy use. Comprehensive
information about the calculation
methods and data sources used
is provided in UBA [75].
Sources: UBA [75], on the basis of AGEE-Stat and
EP/ER [85]; BR [79] and BR [80]
Renewable energy sources in figures
65

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
6. fossil fuel savings via use of renewable energy sources
Consumption of
primary energy
(fossil fuels)
energy sources [kwh prim /kwh el ]
Lignite (power plant) 2.72
Hard coal (power plant) 2.69
Natural gas (power plant) 2.00
Petroleum (power plant) 3.04
Hydropower 0.01
Wind energy 0.04
Photovoltaics 0.31
Solid biomass (CHP) 0.06
Liquid biomass (BCHP) 0.26
Biogas (BCHP) 0.37
Sewage/landfill gas (BCHP) 0.00
Biogenic fraction of waste 0.03
Geothermal energy 0.47
Sources: Öko-Institut [90]; Ecoinvent [84];
Vogt et al. [89]; Frick et al. [86]
Consumption of
primary energy
(fossil fuels)
energy sources [kwh /kwh ]
prim input
Natural gas (heating
systems)
Heating oil (heating
systems)
1.15
1.18
Lignite briquettes (stoves) 1.22
Hard-coal coke (stoves) 1.38
Distric heat
(incl./excl. grid losses)
1.12/1.03
Electricity (basic load,
incl. grid losses)
1.71
Firewood
(heating systems)
0.04
Wood pellets
(heating systems)
0.11
Biomass (industry) 0.15
Biomass (CHP) 0.02
Liquid biomass (BCHP) 0.09
Biogas (BCHP) 0.06
Biogenic fraction of waste 0.01
Deep geothermal energy 0.47
Heat pumps 0.59
Solar thermal energy 0.12
Sources: Öko-Institut [90]; Ecoinvent [84];
Vogt et al. [89]; Frick et al. [86]
66 Renewable energy sources in figures
The method for calculating fossil
fuel savings via use of renewable energies,
in the electricity, heat and
transport sectors, is oriented closely
to the methods and data sources
used in the energy balances (cf. also
Annex (3)-(5)). The various different
renewables-based energy supply
paths save different quantities of fossil
fuels, in keeping with their applicable
substitution relationships and
upstream chains.
Savings of fossil fuels in the electricity
sector are calculated using the
renewable energies substitution
factors determined by Klobasa et al.
[88] (cf. Annex (3)), as well as from
the average fuel-use efficiencies in
German power stations and the cumulative
inputs of primary energy
The primary-energy savings in the
heat sector are also calculated from
the relevant substitution factors and
the cumulative fossil-fuel inputs for
fossil-based and renewables-based
heat generation (cf. Annex (4)).
In the process, savings of the secondary
energy sources district heat and
electricity are divided proportionally
among the primary energy sources
required to provide the relevant district
heat and electricity. In the results
obtained, the fuel-mix savings
for district heat break down into
required to provide fossil fuels.
In a subsequent step, the gross fossil
energy sources
average fuel-use efficiency
of the pertinent
power-station sector
[%]
Lignite 38.2
Hard coal 41.1
Natural gas 55.5
Mineral oil 38.1
Source: AGEB [2], [4]
fuel savings are compared with the
fossil-based primary energy inputs
required to provide biogenic energy
sources and to produce and operate
renewables-based electricity generation
installations.
61 % natural gas, 23 % hard coal,
1 % petroleum, 8 % lignite and 6 %
municipal waste. The fuel mix assumed
for electricity generation
breaks down into 25 % lignite, 23 %
nuclear power, 18 % hard coal, 13 %
natural gas, 4 % other and 16 %
renewable energies. Grid losses and
other losses are assumed to amount
to 8 % for district heat and 14 % for
electricity. The resulting combined
and weighted savings factor is
1.10 kWh primary-energy per kWh
of renewables-based heat.

Savings of fossil-based primary energy
in the transport sector are calculated
on the basis of substitution of
biodiesel and vegetable oil for diesel
fuel, and substitution of bioethanol
for petrol. The primary energy
savings achieved with biofuels depend
on the agricultural production
methods involved and the biofuels’
origins, as well as (especially) on the
method used to allocate energy consumption
to main products and byproducts
(such as soy meal and soy
oil). In the present case relevant data,
allocated in accordance with products’
energy content, were obtained
from the GEMIS database of the Öko-
Institut e.V. Institute for Applied Ecology
[90]. The result showed that each
kilowatt hour of biodiesel used saves
0.69 kilowatt hours (primary energy)
compared with diesel fuel. For bioethanol
and vegetable oil, the average
savings factors are 0.85 kWh primary
energy and 0.90 kWh of primary
energy respectively.
7. sales revenue from the use of renewable energy sources
Revenue from the electricity generation
may be estimated on the basis
of the quantities of electricity
fed into the grid and the payments
made under the Renewable Energy
Sources Act. The revenues from installations
that fall outside the scope
of the Act must also be added, especially
hydropower plants with over
5 MW capacity and electricity generation
from thermal waste treatment
(biogenic fraction only). An average
value of 6.9 cents/kWh is assumed,
based on the electricity exchange
price for base load electricity. With
electricity generation of about 23
TWh in 2009, this gives a figure of
approximately 1.6 billion euros.
The value of heat supplied from renewable
energy sources is disregarded,
since the bulk of the heat is used
internally. One conceivable valuation
here, however, would be to calculate
the avoided costs for heating
oil or natural gas. Assuming a substituted
heat quantity of approximately
105 TWh, an average heating oil
price of 53 cents per litre as well as
an average natural gas price of
6.7 cents/kWh, this approach would
produce a figure of approximately
6.4 billion euros for the private
household sector. The costs of the
maintenance and repair of heat generating
plants, as well as the revenues
from the sale of heat in district/local
heating systems, are not
considered here here. This leaves the
ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
energy sources
Consumption of
primary energy
(fossil fuels)
[kwh /kwh ]
prim input
Petrol 1.21
Diesel fuel 1.15
Biodiesel (rapeseed) 0.47
Biodiesel (soy) 0.39
Biodiesel (palm oil) 0.65
Vegetable oil (rapeseed) 0.24
Vegetable oil (soy) 0.18
Bioethanol (sugar beet) 0.28
Bioethanol (sugar cane) 0.23
Bioethanol (wheat) 0.50
Source: Öko-Institut [90]
valuation of biogenic input materials
such as residual wood from forests,
industrial residual wood, wood
pellets etc. as well as a proportion of
applicable firewood inputs. The total
value of these materials has been estimated
at 1.6 billion euros.
For the fuel sector, the revenues
can be calculated directly from the
sale of biofuels. That approach has
to take into account the different
types of fuel and distribution channels
involved. An average price of
75.2 cents/litre net (107.3 cents/litre
gross), for example, was estimated
for biodiesel sale by public petrol
stations, while lower prices were assumed
for sales to vehicle fleets and
for blending with diesel fuel.
Renewable energy sources in figures
67

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
8. oeCD
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development was
founded on 30 September 1961. Its
main tasks include coordination of
economic policy, particularly macroeconomic
and currency policy, and
coordination and intensification of
68 Renewable energy sources in figures
development aid from its 31 Member
States: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg,
Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland Portugal, Slovak
Republic, Spain Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, United Kingdom, United
States. The OECD headquarters is
in Paris. The International Energy
Agency (IEA) is a sub-organisation of
the OECD, and is also based in Paris.
9. Calculation of the primary energy equivalent of renewable energy sources for the eu
In statistics of Eurostat (Statistical Office
of the European Communities),
the primary energy equivalent for
electricity from hydroelectric installations,
wind energy and photovoltaics
is equated with electricity generation
according to the physical energy
content method. In the case of
electricity and heat generation from
biomass, either a) the relevant net
calorific value and fuel inputs are
used to determine the primary energy
or b) the primary energy equivalent
is determined from the generated
electricity and/or generated
heat, using typical installation efficiencies.
For geothermal electricity
generation, an efficiency of 10 % is
assumed, while for geothermal heat
generation the efficiency is assumed
to be 50 %. In other words, 1 GWh
of electricity from geothermal energy
is rated at 36 TJ of primary energy,
while 1 GWh of heat from geothermal
energy is rated at 7.2 TJ. For
heat generation outside of the transformation
sector (CHP installations,
heat-only installations), e.g. using
firewood, heat pumps and solar thermal
plants, the final energy supplied
is considered equal to the relevant
primary energy.
Thus far, statistics have tended to
focus on primary energy. With the
entry into force of the new Directive
2009/28/EC on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable
sources, final energy is gaining importance
as a statistical measure for
energy use (cf. also p. 40).

ConversIon faCtors
terawatt hour: 1 TWh = 1 billion kWh
gigawatt hour: 1 GWh = 1 million kWh
Megawatt hour: 1 MWh = 1,000 kWh
units for energy and power
ANNEX:CONVERSION FACTORS, GREENHOUSE GASES AND AIR POLLUTANTS
kilo k 10 3 tera t 10 12
Mega M 10 6 Peta P 10 15
giga g 10 9 exa e 10 18
Joule J for energy, work heat quantity
watt w for power, energy flux, heat flux
1 Joule (J) = 1 1 newton-metre (nm) = 1 watt-second (ws)
Conversion factors
PJ twh Mtce Mtoe
1 Petajoule PJ 1 0.2778 0.0341 0.0239
1 terawatt hour twh 3.6 1 0.123 0.0861
1 million tonnes coal
equivalent
1 million tonnes crude oil
equivalent
greenhouse gases
Co 2
Ch 4
Carbon dioxide
Methane
n 2 o Nitrous oxide
sf 6
Mtce
Mtoe
Sulphur hexafluoride
hfC Hydrofluorocarbons
PfC Perfluorocarbons
other air pollutants
so 2
no x
hCl
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
29.308
41.869
Hydrogen chloride (Hydrochloric acid)
hf Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Co Carbon monoxide
nMvoC Non-methane volatile organic compounds
8.14
11.63
1
1.429
0.7
1
These have been the binding statutory units
in Germany since 1978. The calorie, and units
derived from it, such as coal equivalent and
crude oil equivalent, are still used for information
purposes.
The figures refer to calorific value.
Renewable energy sources in figures
69

ANNEX: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
lIst of abbrevIatIons
ausglMechv
Ordinance on the equalisation mechanism
(Ausgleichsmechanismusverordnung)
baugb Federal Building code (Baugesetzbuch)
biokraftQug Biofuels Quota Act (Biokraftstoffquotengesetz)
biost-nachv
Biomass-electricity sustainability ordinance
(Biomassestrom-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung)
bChP Block-type heating power station
btl Biomass-to-Liquids
ChP Combined heat and power plant
ChP act Combined Heat and Power (Cogeneration) Act
eeg
eewärmeg
Renewable Energy Sources Act
(Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz)
Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies
in the Heat Sector (Erneuerbare-Energien-
Wärmegesetz)
energiestg Energy Taxation Act (Energiesteuergesetz)
feC Final energy consumption
gg Greenhouse gas
gDP Gross domestic product
hh Households
hP Heating plant
MaP
Market Incentive Programme
(Marktanreizprogramm)
Minöstg Mineral Oil Tax Act (Mineralölsteuergesetz)
n/a Not available
PeC Primary energy consumption
streg
Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid
(Stromeinspeisungsgesetz)
treMoD Transport Emission Model
tso Transmission system operator
70 Renewable energy sources in figures
Country codes:
be
bg
Dk
De
ee
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
fI Finland
fr France
el Greece
Ie Ireland
It
lv
Italy
Latvia
lt Lithuania
lu
Mt
Luxembourg
Malta
nl Netherlands
at Austria
Pl Poland
Pt
ro
Portugal
Romania
se Sweden
sk Slovakia
sI Slovenia
es
CZ
hu
uk
Cy
Spain
Czech Republic
Hungary
United Kingdom
Cyprus

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Renewable energy sources in figures
75

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