Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Annual Review 2012
Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Annual Review 2012
Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Annual Review 2012
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AEBAR <strong>2012</strong><br />
Contents<br />
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 6<br />
1.1. Context <strong>and</strong> purpose ................................................................................................................ 6<br />
1.2. Legislation ............................................................................................................................... 6<br />
1.3. Policy Setting .......................................................................................................................... 9<br />
1.4. Science processes .................................................................................................................. 11<br />
1.5. References ............................................................................................................................. 12<br />
2. Research themes covered in this document .................................................................................. 13<br />
THEME 1: PROTECTED SPECIES .................................................................................................... 16<br />
3. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) ............................................................................... 17<br />
3.1. Context .................................................................................................................................. 17<br />
3.2. Biology .................................................................................................................................. 19<br />
3.3. Global underst<strong>and</strong>ing of fisheries interactions ...................................................................... 25<br />
3.4. State of knowledge in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> ...................................................................................... 25<br />
3.5. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ............................................................................................................. 39<br />
3.6. References ............................................................................................................................. 41<br />
4. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri)............................................................................. 44<br />
4.1. Context .................................................................................................................................. 44<br />
4.2. Biology .................................................................................................................................. 45<br />
4.3. Global underst<strong>and</strong>ing of fisheries interactions ...................................................................... 50<br />
4.4. State of knowledge in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> ...................................................................................... 50<br />
4.5. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ............................................................................................................. 59<br />
4.6. References ............................................................................................................................. 60<br />
5. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> seabirds ................................................................................................................... 63<br />
5.1. Context .................................................................................................................................. 64<br />
5.2. Biology .................................................................................................................................. 68<br />
5.3. Global underst<strong>and</strong>ing of fisheries interactions ...................................................................... 68<br />
5.4. State of knowledge in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> ...................................................................................... 70<br />
5.5. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ........................................................................................................... 113<br />
5.6. References ........................................................................................................................... 115<br />
THEME 2: NON-PROTECTED BYCATCH ..................................................................................... 120<br />
6. Non-protected species (fish <strong>and</strong> invertebrates) bycatch ............................................................. 121<br />
6.1. Context ................................................................................................................................ 122<br />
6.2. Global underst<strong>and</strong>ing .......................................................................................................... 123<br />
6.3. State of knowledge in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> .................................................................................... 124<br />
6.4. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ........................................................................................................... 156<br />
6.5. References ........................................................................................................................... 157<br />
THEME 3: BENTHIC IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 159<br />
7. Benthic (seabed) impacts ............................................................................................................ 160<br />
7.1. Context ................................................................................................................................ 161<br />
7.2. Global underst<strong>and</strong>ing .......................................................................................................... 164<br />
7.3. State of knowledge in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> .................................................................................... 168<br />
7.4. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ........................................................................................................... 183<br />
7.5. References ........................................................................................................................... 184<br />
THEME 4: ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS ................................................................................................. 187<br />
8. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Climate <strong>and</strong> Oceanic Setting ................................................................................ 188<br />
8.1. Context ................................................................................................................................ 189<br />
8.2. Indicators <strong>and</strong> trends ........................................................................................................... 193<br />
8.3. Ocean climate trends <strong>and</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong> fisheries ................................................................ 201<br />
8.4. References ........................................................................................................................... 203<br />
9. Habitats of particular significance for fisheries management..................................................... 205<br />
4
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