DOCUMENTATION OF LCWE DATA IN GABI 4 - GaBi Software

DOCCUMENNTATION
OF LLCWE
DATA IN
GABBI
1
Sustainability
is ann
increasing gly used expression
an nd many pr roducts are marketed as a being
sustainaable.
The ddefinition
of f sustainabbility
include es ecologic cal, econommic
and als so social
aspectss,
as preseented
in Fi igure 1. Cuurrently,
fo or example carbon foootprints
are
highly
discussed
and therrefore
envir ronmental aand
also eco onomic prof files of prodducts,
but es specially
the soccial
aspectss
are often n largely nneglected.
The challe enge for coonducting
a social
assessmment
along the comple ete life cyclee
is the nee ed of plenty y – so far nnot
acquired d – data.
This situuation
is coomparable
to t the effortts
that had to be done at the beginning
of Life
Cycle
Assessmment
itself iin
the 1980s s.
Figure
INTROODUCTION
N
1: Sustaiinability:
Integration
of ecologic,
econo omic, soccial
and te echnical
dimenssion
in a so oftware and
database e system
In order
to fill thesse
existing gaps, stattistical
sour rces can be e employedd
to gather socially
relevantt
data. Thee
University of Stuttgarrt,
Chair of Building Ph hysics (LBPP),
Dept. Life
Cycle
Engineeering
(GaBii)
develope ed the methhod
of Life Cycle Wor rking Enviroonment
(LC CWE) to
integratte
social asspects
into Life Cycle Assessme ent (LCA). In applyingg
this method,
high
quality pprocess-speecific
data concerning c social aspe ects for use in product LCA is obta ained by
using sttatistical
souurces.
The following asspects
are covered: c
Page 1 / 15

• AAmount
andd
qualification
level of wwork
•
The nexxt
paragrapphs
will doc cument the method tha at was applied
to geneerate
social l profiles
for all unit
processees
in the Ga aBi databasse.
2
When thinking
aboout
social effects, e onee
of the firs st questions s to considder
is which h criteria
should be measured
and which w indicaators
should
be emp ployed to ddescribe
the
social
implicattions
of a huuman
action n. For the mmethod
desc cribed here,
the objectiive
was to integrate
social aassessmentt
into the already a exissting
metho odology of Life L Cycle EEngineering
g (LCE).
That immposes
somme
restrictio ons upon tthe
choice of indicators.
Therefoore,
the crit teria the
employeed
indicatorrs
have to comply c with are describ bed in the fo ollowing.
2.1
The soccial
goals shhould
have an actual reelevance
and
a broad internationaal
consensu us. They
should iif
necessaryy
allow for the
inclusionn
of other societal
or cu ultural valuees.
2.2
The indicators
and their ascer rtainment shhould
be im mpartial and revisable.
2.3 CCompleteness
and attributabbility
1. AAll
relevant goals shou uld be addreessed.
2. TThe
indicatoor
should co over the resspective
social
goal co omprehensivvely.
2.4 QQuantitatiiveness
The inddicator
shouuld
compris se a quantittative
meas sure in order
to be agggregated
over o the
whole life
cycle.
2.5
Health and safety.
SELECCTION
CR RITERIA FOOR
INDICA ATORS
Relevancee
and Con nsensus
Impartialitty
3. TThe
indicattor
should be b clearly aand
complet tely attributable
to the respective product
or proceess.
Pertinencce
of indica ator sum
The summ
of the indicator
valu ues of all pprocesses
of o one site, company, industrial sector s or
country should acccurately
des scribe the ovverall
situat tion.
Page 2 / 15

2.6
2.7 CComparabbility
of targets
andd
indicator rs
1. TThe
goals aand
indicato ors should bbe
compara able in an international
context.
2. TThe
goals aand
indicato ors should bbe
compara able between
different iindustries.
2.8
The goaals
and inddicators
sho ould have a direct rela ation to pro oducts or prrocesses
or
should
facilitatee
to be relatted
to them.
2.9 AAverage
vvalidity
The indicators
should
remain valid for aveerage
mode elling, i.e. useful
for LCCWE
databa ases.
2.10 SSystem
booundaries
s, cut-off ccriteria,
re eference sy ystem
They arre
chosen iin
accordan nce with thee
ISO 1404 40 and 140 044 (CEN 22006),
whereas
the
“environnmental
releevance”
is substituted s by the “social
relevanc ce”.
2.11 TTemporal
stability and a time sseries
The callculation
of the social indicators sshould
be repeatable r for other ye years, which h means
that timee
series shoow
the actu ual changess.
2.12
The datta
collectionn
should be viable undeer
justifiable e effort.
3
The nexxt
paragrapphs
will exp plain the LLCWE
meth hod develop ped at Univversity
of Stuttgart, S
LBP-GaaBi.
3.1
No Overlaap
There sshould
be nno
overlap between thhe
different indicators to avoid doouble
counting
and
thereforre
overvaluaation
of sing gle effects.
Product/PProcess-re
elatednesss
Data availlability/eff
fort
LCWEE
METHOD D DESCRIPPTION
Indicatorss
chosen for f integraation
into LCA
Table 1 shows thhe
indicators
chosen to be inte egrated into o the Life
methodology
basinng
on the cr riteria descrribed
above.
Cycle Eng gineering
Page 3 / 15

Table 1:
Social Inddicators
ch hosen
Qualiffied
workingg
time
3.2
Heaalth
and Safeety
In geneeral,
both, a bottom-up p and a topp-down
app proach for data d acquissition
do ex xist. The
bottom-up
approacch
would be
the separate
acquis sition of dat ta for everyy
unit proce ess. The
top-dowwn
approachh
correspon nds to the prorating
of aggregate a data d to single
processe es.
3.2.1
Applyingg
this approach,
social
indicatoors
have to o be collec cted for eaach
process s in the
producttion
chain. HHere
the pr roblem occuurs
that suc ch data is ra arely availaable
at the moment, m
becausee
a meaningful
use and comprrehensive
approach a for f such inndicators
was w non-
existentt
so far. The
initiation n of a conntinuous
as scertainment
of this data
would be cost
intensivve
and time consuming.
Due to this, for the
beginning g the top-down
attemp pt is chosen
for the LLCWE
meth hodology
developped
at the UUniversity
of o Stuttgart. . Neverthele ess, the da ata acquisitiion
for ever ry single
processs
remains thhe
middle-te erm to long-term
goal because b of its more preecise
result ts.
3.2.2
Group
Data acquuisition
me ethod
Indica ator
General Qualification n level A (GQ QL A)
General Qualification n level B (GQ QL B)
General Qualification n level C (GQ QL C)
General Qualification n level D (GQ QL D)
General Qualification n level E (GQ QL E)
Total worki ing time
Lethal acc cidents
Non-lethal accidents a
Separatee
data acq quisition foor
unit pro ocesses
Prorationn
of aggre egated datta
to singl le process s
Statisticcal
data cooncerning
social s issuees
is available
for most m of thee
highly de eveloped
countriees,
for somee
of them de etailed enouugh
to use them t in the LCWE metthodology.
To proraate
this dataa
down to process p leveel,
the follow wing assum mptions are aapplied:
Unit
[sec c]
[sec c]
[sec c]
[sec c]
[sec c]
[sec c]
[case es]
[case es]
1. TThe
social impacts of f a processs
are propo ortional rela ated to the amount of f human
llabour
of the
process.
Page 4 / 15

2. TThe
amounnt
of human n labour of a process is i related to o the effort made to ad dd value
bby
processiing
(which is
equivalennt
to the add ded-value itself).
The aboove
assumpptions
are valid
within tthe
same in ndustry and in the samee
country only.
In contrrast
to the ssituation
for r environmeental
Input-O Output table es, the amoount
of hum man work
is very well correlated
with the
econommic
value ad dded of a process. Thhe
precision
of the
results tthat
can bee
reached is s hence higgh
enough to t be used as a reasonable
starti ing point
for modelling
on the
product le evel.
Figure 2 shows thhe
different t steps of tthe
approac ch developed
at the UUniversity
Stuttgart
aiming aat
the calcuulation
of pro ocess speccific
LCWE data. d
Figure 2: Generattion
of proc cess-specific
social information
n
In the foollowing
parragraphs,
th he steps shoown
in Figu ure 2 are de escribed in mmore
detail. .
3.3 GGeneral
qqualificatio
on level off
jobs
In the first step, single pro ofessions aare
allocate ed to different
qualifiication
leve els. The
classificcation
is made
accord ding to the Internation nal Standar rd Classificcation
of Ed ducation
(UNESCCO
INSTITUTTE
FOR STATISTICS
19997).
This cla assification was develooped
in 199 97 by the
UNESCCO
in orderr
to classify y and charaacterize
diff ferent school
types annd
school systems. s
The ISCCED
addreesses
the required r quualification
of a job po osition rathher
than the
actual
qualificaation
of the employees s. It classifiees
seven dif fferent quali ification leveels
(Level 0 – Level
6). In thhe
course of the development
oof
this meth hod Level 0, Level 1 and Level 2 were
combineed
to one leevel.
The distinctions
mmade
in thes se levels for
the require red qualifica ation of a
job are not relevant
enough to o be kept in the classification
for th he developeed
method.
Page 5 / 15

3.4
In the seecond
step,
the profes ssion distribution
per industry
is ca alculated viaa
a matrix based b on
the SICC
code (OCCCUPATIONA
AL HEALTH AND SAFE ETY ADMINIS STRATION 1992).
In th he table
elementts
of the maatrix,
the nu umber of poositions
of each e profession
in every
single industry
is
presentted.
From thhis,
the emp ployee profile
of each industry
can n be identifieed.
3.5 SSeconds
oof
labour per VA
The secconds
of labour
per va alue added are derive ed from the U.S. Economic
Census
(U.S.
CENSUSS
BUREAU 11997).
This s statistic ggives
inform mation abou ut the nummber
of employees,
averagee
number off
production n workers, pproduction
workers' ho ours, cost of contract work w and
the valuue
added. TThe
value ad dded given in the statis stic is calcu ulated from tthe
income through
the salee
of the prooduced
goo ods less thee
expenditu ures for aux xiliary mateerials,
interm mediates
and/or resources and the expenditurees
for sub bcontracting g. The value
added for the
calculattion
of the sseconds
of labour per VA – relation
is theref fore correctted
by this number.
The woorking
time is only qu uoted for wworkers,
no ot for appo ointees. It iis
assumed d in the
methodology,
that an appointe ee works the
same hou urs per year r as a workeer.
3.6 QQualificattional
labo our profilee
of the ind dustry
In the next
step, thhe
total work king time peer
value add ded can be broken dowwn
with the e support
of the taables
and mmatrixes
ge enerated in the steps before. b The result is a qualificatio on profile
of each industry per
value ad dded generrated.
This qualification n profile shhows
the am mount of
workingg
time in eacch
of the fiv ve qualificattion
levels to t generate one Euro vvalue
added d. These
values, same as thhe
total wor rking to gennerate
one Euro E value added, varry
between different
industriees.
3.7
For thee
calculationn
of non-fa atal injuriess,
two kinds s of data are a availabble
(UNITED STATES
DEPARTTMENT
OF LAABOR
1999) : The injuriees
listed as injury rates s, as well ass
absolute numbers n
of injuries
per inddustry.
The injury ratees
present the numbe ers of injurries
per pe erformed
workingg
time. Thesse
rates are e corresponnding
with the
risk of th he employeees
to get in njured in
the speecific
industrry.
The abs solute ratess
give the to otal number
of injuriess
without ta aking the
total number
of emmployees
in the specificc
industry in nto account t. In the conntext
of the e method
describeed
here, thhe
non – fa atal injuriess
have to be b related to t the totall
working time
and
respectively
to the
value ad dded in orrder
to cla assify them m to the ddifferent
pro ocesses.
Therefoore,
the ratee
of non-fata al injuries iss
used.
3.8
Employeee
profile of f the indusstry
Rate of noon-fatal
injuries
perr
VA
Rate of fatal
injuries
per VA
The fataal
injuries aare
also collected
and ppublished
by b the U. S. Departmennt
of Labor (UNITED
STATES DEPARTMEENT
OF LAB BOR 1999). For the fa atal injuries s only absoolute
numb bers are
Page 6 / 15

available.
A statemment
concer rning the rissk
of fatal in njuries in the
different industries therefore
is not poossible.
In orderr
to relate thhe
fatal injuries
to the ttotal
workin ng time and hence to thhe
value added,
the
workingg
time for eevery
industry
has to be available.
For the reasons exxplained
in the last
paragraaph,
values should no ot be drawnn
from diff ferent sourc ces. So vaalues
from different
tables, generated based on th he source mmentioned
above on non-fatal n annd
fatal injuries,
are
used: TThe
total woorking
time for each inddustry
is de erived from the non-fattal
injuries rate and
from thee
absolute nnumber
of non-fatal n injuries.
3.9 SSocial
Proofile
of the e industryy
The soccial
profile ffor
each ind dustry includdes
the wo orking time in different qualification
levels,
the non-fatal
and the
fatal inju uries, each related to one o Euro of f value addeed
generate ed in the
respective
industryy.
3.10
Prices forr
GaBi-Flows
For relaating
the social
data to o LCA proceess
data, th he value added
of eachh
LCA proc cess has
to be iddentified.
Thhis
is done by calculating
the delta
of prices
between the output and the
input floows
of eachh
process. Therefore, for all mate erials, intermediate
prooducts
or products, p
as well as variouss
energy fl luxes, whicch
go in an nd out of processes, p prices hav ve to be
determined
and asssigned.
Sin nce the prooduct
prices s depend on n a dynamicc
market, th he same
referencce
period ffor
both the e prices annd
for the identificatio on of the vvalue
added d of the
industriees
should be selected d. In this ccase
the calculation
is
made wiith
annual average
values oof
the same
reference e period. A foreign trade
statistic is used to provide co onsistent
price daata
(U.S. CEENSUS
BURE EAU 2002A, U.S. CENSU US BUREAU 2002B). 2
For moost
of the fflows,
price es can be calculated regarding quantities and total value v of
exported
commodiities.
In cas ses where tthis
is not possible, p pr rices are esstimated
pe er expert
judgemeent
using tthe
assump ptions that tthere
are no n negative e value adddeds
and th hat price
ranges can be esttimated
on the basis oof
the lowe er price of a preliminaary
product and the
higher pprice
of a suubsequent
product. p This
kind of es stimation ha as an impacct
on the res sult if
1. tthe
according
flow pas sses from onne
industry into anothe er industry aand
2. tthe
social pprofile
of bot th industriess
varies.
3.11 VValue
Addded
of GaB Bi-Processses
In orderr
to calculatte
the value added of a single proc cess, the to otal value off
the incoming
flows
is subtrracted
fromm
the total value of thhe
outgoing g flows of a process. The total value is
calculatted
by multiplying
the amount of the flow wi ith its price and then bby
summing g up the
values oof
all flows.
Page 7 / 15

This steep
requires an access s to a life cyycle
model on a unit process levvel
of the particular p
productt.
Furthermore,
as consistent
ass
possible data d are necessary
foor
all econ nomically
relevantt
material and
energy flows, f whichh
flow in and
out the un nit processees.
3.12
To geneerate
a LCWWE
process s data set, each individ dual proces ss must be classified to
one of
the variious
industrries.
Subse equently, thee
social pro ofile of the industry is multiplied with the
value addded
of the individual process. p In doing this, the reference
to one EEuro
of valu ue added
is lost aand
the induustry
profile is scaled on
a unit pro ocess.
3.13
In the ccourse
of the
balance calculation, c the values of unit processes
are e summarize ed along
the valuue
chain according
to o the summmarization
of o LCA inventory
dataa
and can thus be
evaluateed
equally.
3.14
Process DData
Sets
Evaluationn
Processinng
of Data(-sets)
in the Softw ware
In the cclassic
LCAA
the particu ular processses
are sc caled accord ding to theiir
connectio ons over
input annd
output floows.
Beside es, the elemmentary
flow ws, which exceed e the system bou undaries
and thus
cause an impact, are e scaled witth
the factor
of their or riginal proceess.
In this way, w the
contribuution
of eaach
individu ual processs
to the fu unction of the t total sy system is weighted w
correctlyy.
By includding
social data into LLCA
datase ets, the sam me weightinng
principle es apply,
thus leaading
to correct
results that can bee
evaluated in accordance
to LCAA
results.
3.15 GGeneratioon
of Indic cators andd
Evaluatio on
In classsic
LCA methodolo ogy, the summation n is follo owed by classificatio on and
characteerization.
Inn
contrast, the indicattors
for the social aspects
are chhosen
the way w that
they eaach
build iits
own cla ass. The sstep
of the e classification
as relation
of particular p
contribuutors
to a ppotential
kin nd of impacct
therefore is superflu uous. Withinn
each clas ss, there
are no contributorrs
that hav ve to be vvalued
differently.
Com mpared to a consider ration of
ecologiccal
values, a characte erization thherefore
is not necess sary. This can be seen
as a
fundamental
differrence
between
ecologgical
LCA and social aspects cconsideratio
on within
LCA; in case of the
ecologica al LCA the interim bala ance of mass
and eneergy
flows is s drown.
These flows are then misca alculated inn
respect to t their va arious envirronmental
impacts.
Howeveer,
when eexamining
social asppects,
the indicators are seleccted
so th hat they
correspond
directlyy
with a soc cial aspect. The evalua ation of indic cators howeever
can be e done in
analogyy
to the claassic
LCA-m method: Eaach
indicato or receives s its own immpact
category
(or
rather for each impact ca ategory a described indicator is to be found) an nd each
characteerization
factor
gets the
value onee.
Page 8 / 15

3.16 VValidity
As explained
abovve,
a respec ctive validitty
of a resu ult depends on the seleection
of th he social
indicatoors,
on their
ability to o be summmed
up, on an ability to be weiighted
that can be
comparred
with maaterial
and energy e flowws
and, of course, c on the availabbility
of data a for the
unit proocesses.
AAll
these co onditions aare
given fo or the wor rking time values in different
qualificaation
levels,
the non-fa atal and fataal
injuries presented
ab bove. If there
is a poss sibility to
relate thhem
to the basic value e working timme,
also for r other socia al factors too
be develo oped, the
criteriass
of summinng
up and weighting w caan
be accomplished.
The T availabbility
of data a is to be
proved separatelyy,
and a ge eneral validdity
or rath her reasona ableness sshould
be used u as
primary selection ccriterion.
4
To showw
the potenntials
and va alidate the feasibility of o the asses ssment metthod,
it was s applied
in severral
projects so far. There
are princcipally
two possibilities
p to use the LCWE method:
1.
Use of thee
comprehe ensive andd
consistent
backgrou und databaase.
The da ata was
ccalculated
aas
explained
above.
2. GGathering
oof
own, project
and proocess
specific
data. The
data can be inserted d directly
in the LCWE
tab, when n creating a new proce ess.
For the example, ddata
from the
backgrouund
databas se is used in n order to sshow
the application
of the mmethod.
Twoo
different kinds k of plasstic
are com mpared.
4.1
Concernning
the soccial
implicat tions, the wwhole
production
phase e of the diffeerent
alternatives
is
assesseed
including
all upstr ream valuee
chains (p production and supplly
of all precursor p
substannces,
operatting
supplie es, auxiliary materials, energies etc.).
In the ffollowing,
thhe
results for the asssessment
of o two route es will be sshown
exemplarily:
Polyethylene
fibress
production n and the prroduction
of f Polyethyle ene terephthhalate
(PET T) fibres.
4.2
EXAMMPLE
Descriptioon
of the assessed a system
Results
Table 2 shows thee
working time t distribbution
into the t general
qualificatioon
levels ( GQL) in
secondss,
that is reelated
to jobs
with thee
respective e qualificatio on level ass
requireme ent. Jobs
with a GGQL
A do hhave
the hig ghest qualiffication
as prerequisite
p e, Jobs withh
a GQL E relate to
work wwith
low qualification
requirement
r ts. The tot tal working time, beinng
the sum m of the
numberrs
listed under
the diff ferent GQLLs,
is the su um of all human
labouur
employe ed in the
producttion
of 1 kg plastic.
As Table
2 and FFigure
3 pre esent, the plastic PET T production
requires considerab bly more
human labour thaan
PE prod duction. This
is cause ed by the more compplex
manuf facturing
processs
for PET than
for PE.
Page 9 / 15

Table 2
Quualification
Level
GQL A [s]
GQL B [s]
GQL C [ss]
GQL D [ss]
GQL E [s]
Tottal
working tiime
[s]
Lethhal
accidents [cases]
Non-leethal
accidennts
[cases]
The graaphics
also show that in i industriall
process ch hains rather
few jobs wwithout
qua alification
and witth
a very high qualifi ication cann
be found.
Industry requires a minimum level of
qualificaation
and only
few peo ople with a very high qualification
q n on the maanagement
level. A
higher sshare
of wworkers
with hout qualificcation
is ra ather found in the serrvice
sector
(sales,
direct seervices
etc. ).
250,0
200,0
150,0
100,0
50,0
Qualified working time in [s] 2: Working
0,0
time and accidents a fo for the prod duction of 1 kg PE annd
1 kg PET T
Quualifiedd
Workking
Timme
PE
Figure 3: Qualifiedd
working time for thhe
production
of 1 kg PE and PEET
PE
1.4
11.0
14.4
15.1
7.6
49.5
3,23E-07
5,45E-10
Figure 4 and Figurre
5 show the
amount of non-leth hal and letha al accidentss
for the pro oduction
of 1 kg PE or PET. . The numb bers are verry
small as they are related
to thee
functional unit of 1
kilogramm.
PET
PET
9.9
61.1
72.5
59.4
27.2
230.1
11,06E-06
11,03E-09
GQL
E [s]
GQL
D [s]
GQL
C [s]
GQL
B [s]
GQL
A [s]
Page 10 / 15

Non‐lethal accidents [cases]
Figure 4: Non-lethhal
acciden nts caused by the pro oduction of f 1 kg PE aand
PET
The geeneral
results
are sim milar to quaalified
work king time: There are significant tly more
accidennts
when producing
a kg of PETT
than PE.
Again thi is is due to the more e labour
intensivve
and moree
complex manufacturi
m ng process of PET.
Lethal accidents [cases]
1,20E‐09
1,00E‐09
8,00E‐10
6,00E‐10
4,00E‐10
2,00E‐10
0,00E+00
1,20E‐066
1,00E‐066
8,00E‐077
6,00E‐077
4,00E‐077
2,00E‐077
0,00E+000
NNon‐lethhal
accidents
PE
Lethal
accideents
PE
PPET
Figure 5: Lethal aaccidents
caused c by tthe
produc ction of 1 kg g PE and PPET
PET
Page 11 / 15

6
The meethod
develooped
and th he respectivve
backgrou und database
is a firstt,
promising attempt
to addreess
the social
pillar of sustainabilit
s ty in the sco ope of the well w establisshed
metho od of Life
Cycle AAssessmennt
and Life e Cycle Enngineering.
Social eff fects that would hav ve been
neglecteed
by an LLCA
can be e included aand
show remarkable
results. Prooblem
shifting
from
the environmental
realm to the e social fieldd
can be av voided.
The exaample
showws,
that the results of thhe
LCWE method m can be used simmilarly
to the e results
of an LLCA:
Informmation
is pr resented onn
a unit pro ocess level
and also project or process
specific informatioon
can be inserted. IInformation
about soc cial issues is summa able and
scalablee
as the LCCA
user is fa amiliar with from the environment
e tal LCA. In the compre ehensive
backgroound
databaase,
informa ation for alll
unit processes
regard ding the quaalified
work king time
and lethhal
and noon-lethal
ac ccidents is available. Additionally y, informatiion
concern ning the
following
indicatorss
can be ins serted in thee
GaBi softw ware in the LCWE tab by the user r:
AActual
wommen
employment
CChild
labour
Discussioon
and out tlook
Holistic and forwaard-looking
decisions must be based b on a broad baasis
of all relevant
information.
The soocial
dimens sion of humman
actions clearly mus st be considdered.
Discrimination
in job ac ccess
Forced laboour
Hazardous child labour
No collectivve
bargainin ng
No right to oorganise
Unequal remuneration
All inforrmation
has to be in relation
to working
time in
seconds.
Howeveer,
it has to be stated that due too
the above mentioned restrictionss
for indicators,
not
all relevvant
social information can be acccounted
for r by this me ethod, so faar.
Additional
social
effects hhave
to be considered in future deevelopment
t of the meth hodology.
As all LCWE
data currently pr resent in thee
GaBi data abase is de erived from US statistic cs, it can
be regaarded
valid for all coun ntries holdinng
similar economic e and a socio-ecconomic
co onditions
than thee
US.
Using thhe
LCWE ddata
for decision
makinng,
it has to be conside ered that ass
the data is s derived
from staatistics,
it dooes
not rep present exacct
site spec cific situations
and shoould
only be e used to
comparre
for exammple
genera al product options. For
the com mparison off
social aspects
of
different
suppliers, company-s specific dataa
has to be used.
To conclude
with, , the social
database can be used
as a hotspot daatabase
in order to
examinee
the main contributor rs to social profiles along
the pro ocess chainns
of produ ucts. For
these mmain
contributors,
site specific s soccial
data can n be gathere ed in a secoond
step in order to
get a more
precisee
picture of the t social immplications
of a produc ct.
Page 12 / 15

6
LITERRATURE
NATIONNAL
CROSSSWALK
SERVICCE
CENTERR
(1997) )
OCCUPPATIONAL
HEALTHH
ANDD
SAFETYY
ADMINI-
STRATIION
(1992)
UNESCCO
INSTITUUTE
FORR
STATISSTICS
(1997) )
UNITEDD
STATESS
DEPARRTMENT
LABORR
(1999)
OFF
NATIONA AL CROSSWAALK
SERVIC CE CENTER (1997): NOOICC
Maste er Crosswallk,
Version 4.3. National
Crosswa alk Service Center. C
Online: http://www.x
h xwalkcenter.org/index.
php.
OCCUPA ATIONAL HEAALTH
AND SA AFETY ADMIN NISTRATION (1992): Sta andard
Industria al Classificaation
(SIC) system. s United
States Department
of Labor;
Occupat tional Health
and Safet ty Administr ration.
Online: http://www.o
h osha.gov/pl ls/imis/sic_m manual.htmml;
http://ww ww.census.ggov/epcd/w
www/sic.html.
UNESCO O INSTITUTEE
FOR STATISTICS
(1997 7): Internatio ional Standa ard
Classific cation of Edducation
ISC CED 1997. UNESCO U Innstitute
for Statistics. S
Online:
http://ww ww.unesco.oorg/education/informat
tion/nfsunessco/doc/isced_1997.httm
; http://w www.uis.uneesco.org/ev_
_en.php?ID D=7433_2011&ID2=DO_
_TOPIC.
UNITED STATES S DEPPARTMENT
OF O LABOR (1999):
US Fa Fatal and No on-Fatal
Injuries and a illnessees.
United States S Depa artment of LLabor
and Bureau B of
Labor St tatistics.
Online:
http://ww ww.bls.gov/iiif/oshwc/os
sh/os/ostb06 641.pdf; htttp://www.bls
s.gov/iif/oshhw
c/osh/os s/ostb0642.ppdf.
U.S. CENSUSS
U.S. CEN NSUS BUREAAU
(1997): 1997 1 Econo omic Censuus.
General Summary
BUREAAU
(1997) Mining and a Manufaacturing,
Ind dustry Summ mary Constr truction. U.S S. Census
Bureau. Online: httpp://www.cen
nsus.gov/pr rod/ec97/977m31s-gs.pdf;
http://ww ww.census.ggov/prod/ec
c97/97c23-is.pdf;
http://ww ww.census.ggov/prod/ec
c97/97n21-g gs.pdf.
U.S. IMPORTS
OFF
MERCHHANDISE
U.S. IMP PORTS OF MEERCHANDISE
E (2002A): History H DVDD-ROM.
U.S S. Census
Bureau.
(2002AA)
Online: http://www.c
h census.gov v/foreign-
trade/ref ference/prooducts/catalo
og/imphisto ory.html.
U.S. EEXPORTS
OFF
MERCHHANDISE
U.S. EXP PORTS OF MMERCHANDIS
SE 2002B: History H DVD-ROM.
U.S.
Census
Bureau.
(2002BB)
Online: http://www.c
h census.gov v/foreign-
trade/ref ference/prooducts/catalo
og/exphistoory.html. Page 13 / 15

APPENNDIX
In this chapter thee
data sources
are aaddressed,
which serv ve as a bassis
for the method
developped
at the UUniversity
Stuttgart. S Thhe
particular
statistics should s meeet
various criteria c to
be usedd
in this metthod.
These e criteria aree
as well sp pecified in th he followingg
paragraph hs.
U.S. Ecconomic
CCensus
The “U. .S. Econommic
Census” ” (http://wwww.census.g
gov/) is a comprehenssive
data co ollection,
that givees
a detaileed
review of o the American
economy.
It is fulfilled
by thee
“Census Bureau”, B
the Ameerican
demmographic
ag gency. Thee
results are e gathered every five yyears,
whereas
the
collecteed
basic datta
include to o a large exxtent
the sta atistics of all a US comppanies.
At th he same
time, thhe
data collection
for the t agriculture
and the e authoritie es takes plaace
in para allel. The
data coollection
is based on a clear struuctured
cla assification of the whoole
econom my into a
strictly hierarchicaal
system of o industriaal
sectors and subse ectors – the
so calle ed North
Americaan
Industry Classification
Standarrd
(NAICS). . It is import tant that noot
the companies
as
a wholee,
but the single
locatio on of these ccompanies
as minimum m unit are listed.
It allo ows both
a betterr
spatial ressolution
and d a better reesolution
ac ccording to activity, as a company y can be
active inn
different ssectors.
The
NAICS cclassifies
1179
various industries, 1070 of which w are
coveredd
in the U.S.
Economic c Census.
The datta
is provideed
for free and a is suppposed
to ser rve several purposes. The following
fields
of appliccation
exemmplify
this:
CCompaniess
can comp pare their ssales
figure es with thos se for theirr
whole ind dustry. It
aallows
themm
to calcula ate their maarket
share in order to check theirr
performan nce or to
ddefine
new targets.
CCompaniess
can also compare thheir
business
ratio wit th average numbers from f the
U.S. Census
as a benchmark b
to assess s their per rformance with those e of the
cconcurrent
organizatio ons.
CCompaniess
which sell their goodss
or service es to other companies c can find in the U.S.
CCensus
neew
target industriess.
Besides,
producer rs learn ffrom
the material
cconsumptioon
statistics more abouut
the indust tries that co onsume theiir
products.
CCompaniess
can use the data tto
determin ne their sa ales areas, to place a target
aadvertisemeent
and to find f the besst
locations for f their new w establishmments.
Important kkey
figures about a the eeconomic
de evelopment t as monthlyy
retail sale es or the
ggross
domeestic
produc ct are baseed
on the da ata of the U.S. U Censuss.
Associati ions and
tthe
press analyze th he data to identify ec conomic circumstancees
and to forecast
ddevelopments.
TThe
legislattive
body uses
the datta
for the preparation
p and assesssment
of ne ew laws.
TThe
state and local authorities a monitor the e Census data d to undderstand
economic
bbasics
and to decide whether w theey
should se ettle new businesses
oor
keep the e already
eexisting
onees.
Page 14 / 15

CConsultantss
and researchers
maake
use of the data to o analyze tthe
change es in the
industries’ sstructure
or r in the spattial
resolutio on. These data d are nott
explicitly collected c
ffor
the usee
in the me ethod. Neveertheless
th hey work well w for the developed method
bbecause
of f the level of o detail andd
their basis s on the clear
hierarchical
structure
of the
industries’ cclassificatio
on.
In the 22002
U.S. EEconomic
Census C the data for th he year 200 02 are colleected.
In De ecember
2002 data
collecttion
questio onnaires wwere
sent to
more than
5 millioon
compan nies, the
deadlinee
was set oon
the 12th h of February
2003. Du ue to adapt tion of the ddata
entry forms to
the individual
industries,
there e exist noww
more than n 600 differ rent versionns.
Only some
very
small coompanies
ddo
not rece eive questioonnaires.
Fo or them the e data alreaady
available
at the
federal authorities’ ’ are used. These autthorities
pro ovide basic c data as loocation
and d kind of
businesss,
sales figures,
wage es and salarries,
numbe er of employ yees and foorm
of organization.
The U.SS.
Econommic
Census is enshrineed
in title 13 of the United U Stattes
Code. The law
commitss
organizatiions
to send d back the ffilled
forms and awards
penalties in case companies
omit this.
Besides, , the law sw wears the CCensus
Bu ureau to sec crecy. No ddata
are pu ublished,
which disclose
the identity or activity a of an
individual l or a company.
Standaard
Industtry
Classif fication (SSIC)
The Staandard
Induustry
Classi ification (SIC)-Code
is s a four-digit
numerical
code assigned
by
the U.SS.
governmeent
to the business
esttablishment
ts to identify y the primaary
business s activity
of the eestablishmeent
(http://w www.osha.gov/pls/imis/
/sic_manual.html).
Thee
classificat tion was
developped
to facilitate
the collection,
ppresentation
n and analy ysis of datta;
and to promote
uniformity
and comparability
in the preesentation
of statistic cal data coollected
by various
agenciees
of the federal go overnment, state age encies and d private oorganization
ns. The
classificcation
coveers
all eco onomic acttivities:
agr riculture, fo orestry, fisshing,
hunting
and
trappingg;
mining; cconstruction
n; manufactturing;
trans sportation; communicaations,
elec ctric, gas
and sanitary
services;
whole esale tradee;
retail trade;
finance e; insurance ce and real
estate;
servicess;
and publiic
administr ration.
The Burreau
of Labbour
Statistics
is a unit of U.S. Department
of f Labour. Thhis
unit is in n charge
for the ffact-finding
for the fede eral governnment
in the e wide field of occupattional
econo omy and
occupattional
statistics.
US Impport/Export
History
The data
about “UU.S.
Expor rts of Mercchandise”
(U U.S. CENSU US BUREAU 2002B) an nd “U.S.
Imports of Merchaandise”
(U.S S. CENSUS BUREAU 20 002A) are gathered g annd
provided d by the
U.S. Ceensus
Bureau.
The export
statistiics
contain data about t the value and the qu uantity of
9.000 vvarious
goods,
which were w exporrted
from th he USA; the e import staatistics
prov vide this
information
for 177.000
differ rent importeed
goods. Depending g on the uunit
the quantity
is
specifieed
in, an aveerage
price of the goodds
can be calculated c based b on thhese
data. The T data
are alsoo
available ffor
the past t years. For r the method d described d here, dataa
from the re eference
year 2002
was useed.
Page 15 / 15