Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and Indigenous ... - Amazon Fund

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corridors with other protected areas located in neighboring countries. It is, supposedly, in these more remote Amazon regions that chances are greatest for development of human and economic occupation models which are more compatible with future sustainability of the region. One should not forget that opportunities for financial support now available are framed in terms of climate change, which already affects and stands to affect far more forest regions and, even more so, indigenous lands. Important variations in rainfall patterns may affect biodiversity, integrity, and conditions for reproduction of forests in the long run. Scientific models point, for example, to a tendency toward “savannization” – transformation of the tropical forest into a savanna – in the eastern Amazon. In the context of the climate crisis, impacts – and costs – are more certain than access to occasional opportunities. Several communities have been noticing the effects of climate change, markedly those related to changes in annual rainfall distribution which result in disorientation regarding traditional agricultural calendars, with losses in production and threats to food security. Perception of these changes by indigenous people is particularly significant in lands located in more remote regions, distant from agricultural frontiers, highways, large cities, and deforestation. Since there are no immediate local factors which can explain recent climate change effects, it is more likely that they are the result of larger-scale factors. However, whatever the cause may be, impacts of climate change on indigenous lands need to be taken into consideration in REDD strategies and other approaches, since they will exert various forms of influence on future sustainability of the respective carbon stocks. Thus, opportunities for financial support resulting from the relationship between forests and climate, such as REDD, should not become perverse incentives. They should not be concentrated exclusively in critical regions, even if reduced deforestation is the priority in the short run, since it would imply that a region needs to be under imminent threat to deserve support for forest conservation. And, even in these at-risk regions, the intention is not only to contain the expansion of deforestation, but also to guarantee conditions for conservation in the long run for all existing carbon stocks. Carbon Stock Estimates in Indigenous Lands Carbon stock estimates are based on projection of official cartographic data regarding forest cover in polygons of indigenous lands demarcated in the region. They also take into consideration different sources of data and methodologies used in quantification of carbon stock according to forest physiognomy. 14 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t
The tables below display data regarding approximate carbon stock in twelve indigenous lands, located in the Brazilian Legal Amazon, including the largest ones and the Tembé and Sete de Setembro Indigenous Lands, where efforts are ongoing for the formulation of REDD-type projects. The following table contains data produced by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – Ipam), based on Saatchi et al., 2009, and data produced by many researchers, gathered and cross-referenced by Arnaldo Carneiro. The researchers are: Ottmar et al., 2001; Barbosa & Ferreira, 2004; Barbosa & Fearnside, 2004; Barbosa & Fearnside, 2005; Nogueira et al., 2008; and Fearnside et al., 2009. Table 1. Carbon 1 in Indigenous Lands of the Legal Amazon Indigenous Land Area (ha) tC/ha Total carbon (tons) Carneiro, A. 2009 1 Above ground biomass carbon values. Saatchi et al 2009 Carneiro, A. 2009 Saatchi et al 2009 Carneiro, A. Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t 15 2009 Saatchi et al Yanomami 9.589.302 9.523.037 149 111 1.432.598.612 1.057.057.107 Vale do Javari 8.561.824 8.516.001 148 131 1.264.825.726 1.115.596.131 Alto Rio Negro 8.034.176 7.979.953 150 125 1.201.268.666 997.494.125 Menkragnoti 4.928.083 4.907.539 141 81 694.721.947 397.510.659 Trombetas/Mapuera 4.002.902 3.984.974 155 134 619.695.304 533.986.516 Kayapó 3.307.878 3.293.920 123 84 407.685.159 276.689.280 Waimiri-Atroari 2.602.964 2.591.312 151 149 392.191.734 386.105.488 Tumucumaque 3.069.940 3.053.109 126 117 386.346.228 357.213.753 Mundurucu 2.397.454 2.387.301 107 107 256.179.665 255.441.207 Xingu 2.646.405 2.636.116 89 69 234.674.949 181.892.004 Alto Rio Guamá 280.416 279.164 153 120 42.788.995 33.499.680 Sete de Setembro 244.196 243.225 149 106 36.285.040 25.781.850 2009 Total 6.969.262.025 5.618.267.800 Carbon stocks found in the Legal Amazon may reach the figure of 62 GtC, which are distributed unevenly according to the different phytophysiognomies. These stocks exist in larger amounts in the central Amazon, in what is called dense forest, decreasing progressively toward the outskirts where seasonal forests which have connections to outlying cerrado formations are
Page 1 and 2: Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
Page 3 and 4: Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
Page 5: Summary Introduction Raul Silva Tel
Page 8 and 9: Amazon region is currently the pref
Page 11 and 12: Indigenous Lands and the Climate Cr
Page 13 and 14: “Amazon biome,” which does not
Page 15: approximately 13 million hectares,
Page 19 and 20: In practice, the main decisions reg
Page 21: Nogueira, EM., Fearnside, PM., Nels
Page 24 and 25: 22 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t
Page 26 and 27: Given the absence of legal definiti
Page 28 and 29: internal debates on this issue, pre
Page 30 and 31: which they have traditionally owned
Page 32 and 33: which Bolivian legislation calls
Page 34 and 35: consultation” in its articles 30.
Page 36 and 37: are also facilitated by the strong
Page 38 and 39: legal risk that these lands can be
Page 40 and 41: has the duty (and exclusive compete
Page 42 and 43: derived from them, such as from the
Page 44 and 45: On the other hand, the Colombian le
Page 46 and 47: “the special norms which regulate
Page 48 and 49: framework of ecological function an
Page 50 and 51: The law permits and stimulates refo
Page 52 and 53: the use, enjoyment, control, admini
Page 54 and 55: One of these bills relates to the e
Page 56 and 57: the constitution which still has no
Page 58 and 59: Since there is not a specific law r
Page 60 and 61: communities of the sierra and jungl
Page 62 and 63: the lands that they possess and tha
Page 64 and 65: and legal instruments to guarantee
Page 66 and 67:
those recognized “in internationa
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limitation for implementing eventua
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REDD in Venezuela Since REDD mechan
Page 72 and 73:
to implement REDD projects with bec
Page 74 and 75:
Can IPs dispose of the forestry res
Page 76 and 77:
Ecuador Yes. However, it will be ne
Page 78 and 79:
to reductions in GHG emissions and
Page 80 and 81:
did not establish any mechanism to
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On the other hand, there is a growi
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the co-existence of diverse culture
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In accordance with this internation
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Indigenous Peoples as Protagonists
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e considered a security under Brazi
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cannot dispose of the lands they tr
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Article 34 of the Indian Statute (F
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is a legal obligation and there is
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State or to third parties. Since ca
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equired for the acts of civil life,
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indigenous peoples could only have
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Indigenous Collective Ownership Fin
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of their interest is indivisible (L
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equired before the benefits may be
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The Surui Project: Building Indigen
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has decimated much of their forest.
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Reducing Risks: Framework for Proje
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Michel Pellanders/Hollandse Hoogte,
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evitalization. Therefore, the REDD
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Volume: To assess the volume of the
Page 123 and 124:
2009). The Surui are also engaging
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will be critical, given that eventu
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Legal Aspects of the Surui Carbon P
Page 129 and 130:
from afforestation, reforestation,
Page 131 and 132:
of representing their respective co
Page 133 and 134:
they are entitled to participate in
Page 135 and 136:
In the case of Brazil, the prolifer
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• Article 11, IV of the referred-
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Sole paragraph. The rule of this Ar
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constitutional rights of Brazilian
Page 143 and 144:
of exploitation or use, and belong
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alignment with the Brazilian consti
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Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and Indigenous ... - Amazon Fund

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