Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and Indigenous ... - Amazon Fund

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frontier. These emissions reductions should be incentivized. At the same time, many indigenous communities with less accessible territories have less potential for an avoided deforestation project. Compliance market mechanisms will almost surely focus on emissions reductions, and it will require sound policy, public finance, and redistribution mechanisms to recognize and reward maintenance of forests with less immediate or evident deforestation threats. Lowering Transaction Costs Abatement costs from REDD are frequently described as low (Stern, 2007; Eliasch, 2008; McKinsey & Company, 2009) but actually securing those reductions may have higher-thanexpected costs. Some of these may be attributed to project-level approaches that involve complex and expensive baseline modeling work, carbon stock assessments and development of validated Project Design Documents. These costs are likely to fall as standardized methodologies become prevalent and a growing number of service providers enhance supply and competition for this technical work. Even with costs that can rise to $300,000 - $500,000 or more per project, they are probably not prohibitive for medium-scale projects in a liquid market with greater regulatory certainty. On the other hand, these technical design costs, repeated over many projects, are inefficient, time-consuming and still plagued by uncertainty. The adoption of standardized benchmarks or national or state-wide reference scenarios would be one of the most promising avenues, especially coupled with high-resolution remote-sensing based monitoring. However, many costs are likely to be unavoidable under any approach to the extent that establishing and enforcing long-term agreements for forest conservation with collective landowners require a process of preparation, planning, and prior informed consent, structuring of strategies and financing that is transparent, effective and sustainable, and legal agreements to be established and enforced. In this sense, indigenous communities’ eventual engagement with carbon markets is no different than more established markets for agricultural or forestry projects – making a long-term endeavor work, ensuring equitable terms and achieving sustainability requires a great deal of effort and dedication and probably ongoing, leveraged investments in capacity building. Recognizing Rights - and Watching the Accounts Legal opinion clearly supports the rights of the Surui and other indigenous communities to the carbon and associated economic benefits from their forests. Achieving government recognition of this is important. However, how these emissions reductions are eventually tallied 122 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t
will be critical, given that eventual climate change agreements, both under the UNFCCC and other bilateral or subnational instruments (e.g., proposed Waxman-Markey Bill in the United States, California ARB 32), place strong emphasis on national and subnational accounting frameworks as a condition for REDD finance. Project-level baselines and accounting frameworks can provide a useful interim mechanism to estimate and demonstrate emissions reductions potential, but ultimately how state or national schemes account for and allocate these emissions reductions will be critical. This has both the potential for positive outcomes – simplifying procedures and rewarding stock maintenance for areas that would otherwise be excluded – or negative results, if these mechanisms do not adequately reflect the risks and costs of avoiding deforestation by indigenous communities. Beyond rights, increasingly informed participation by indigenous organizations in defining these frameworks will be key to fairness and effectiveness. References: ÁVILA, Thiago. Projeto Carbono Surui: Consentimento Prévio Informado e os Paiter-Surui, ACT-Brasil, 2009. Associação Metareilá do Povo Indígena Surui, Associação de Defesa Etno-Ambiental Kanindé, Equipe de Conservação da Amazônia (ACT Brasil) – Plano de Gestão Etnoambiental da Terra Indígena Sete de Setembro, 2008. Associação Metareilá do Povo Indígena Surui, Associação Garah Pameh do Povo Kabaney Paiter-Surui do Noroeste do Mato Grosso e Rondônia, Associação do Povo da Floresta Kaban-ey Surui, Instituto Florestal Yanner Gabmir – INFYGABGIR, Associação Gãbgir do Povo Indígena Paiter Surui, Associação Pamaur do Clã Makor do Povo Paiter Surui da Terra Indígena Sete de Setembro. Acordo de Cooperação Que Entre Si Celebram As Associações do Povo Indígena Paiter Surui, 2009. BNDES, Amazon Fund (BNDES, Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, Ministry of Environment, 2009) - www.amazonfund.gov.br. BORGES, José Roberto. The Surui Indians and the Effects of Development, paper for CRS 168 Indigenous Policy and Natural Resources, University of California at Berkeley, 1991. Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indigenas de la Cuenca Amazonica – Coica. Submission to SBSTA. 19 February 2009. CARDOZO, Ivaneide Bandeira; MOTTA, Rogerio Vargas. O fim da floresta? A devastação das Unidades de Conservação e Terras Indígenas no Estado de Rondônia, Grupo de Trabalho Amazônico, 2008. CARNEIRO FILHO, Arnaldo; SOUZA, Oswaldo Braga. Atlas de Pressões e Ameaças às Terras Indígenas na Amazônia Brasileira, Instituto Socioambiental, 2009. ELIASCH, Johan. Climate Change: Financing Global Forests. The Eliasch Review. UK Office of Climate Change, 2008. HAMILTON, Katherine; CHOKKALINGAM, Unna; BENDANA, Maria. State of the Forest Carbon Markets 2009 - Taking Root and Branching Out, Ecosystem Marketplace - January 2010. http://www.forest-trends.org/ publications.php. Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t 123
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Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
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Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
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Summary Introduction Raul Silva Tel
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Amazon region is currently the pref
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Indigenous Lands and the Climate Cr
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“Amazon biome,” which does not
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approximately 13 million hectares,
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The tables below display data regar
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In practice, the main decisions reg
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Nogueira, EM., Fearnside, PM., Nels
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22 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t
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Given the absence of legal definiti
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internal debates on this issue, pre
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which they have traditionally owned
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which Bolivian legislation calls
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consultation” in its articles 30.
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are also facilitated by the strong
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legal risk that these lands can be
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has the duty (and exclusive compete
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derived from them, such as from the
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On the other hand, the Colombian le
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“the special norms which regulate
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framework of ecological function an
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The law permits and stimulates refo
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the use, enjoyment, control, admini
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One of these bills relates to the e
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the constitution which still has no
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Since there is not a specific law r
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communities of the sierra and jungl
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the lands that they possess and tha
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and legal instruments to guarantee
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those recognized “in internationa
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limitation for implementing eventua
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REDD in Venezuela Since REDD mechan
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to implement REDD projects with bec
Page 74 and 75: Can IPs dispose of the forestry res
Page 76 and 77: Ecuador Yes. However, it will be ne
Page 78 and 79: to reductions in GHG emissions and
Page 80 and 81: did not establish any mechanism to
Page 82 and 83: On the other hand, there is a growi
Page 84 and 85: the co-existence of diverse culture
Page 86 and 87: In accordance with this internation
Page 88 and 89: Indigenous Peoples as Protagonists
Page 90 and 91: e considered a security under Brazi
Page 92 and 93: cannot dispose of the lands they tr
Page 94 and 95: Article 34 of the Indian Statute (F
Page 96 and 97: is a legal obligation and there is
Page 98 and 99: State or to third parties. Since ca
Page 100 and 101: equired for the acts of civil life,
Page 102 and 103: indigenous peoples could only have
Page 104 and 105: Indigenous Collective Ownership Fin
Page 106 and 107: of their interest is indivisible (L
Page 108 and 109: equired before the benefits may be
Page 111 and 112: The Surui Project: Building Indigen
Page 113 and 114: has decimated much of their forest.
Page 115 and 116: Reducing Risks: Framework for Proje
Page 117 and 118: Michel Pellanders/Hollandse Hoogte,
Page 119 and 120: evitalization. Therefore, the REDD
Page 121 and 122: Volume: To assess the volume of the
Page 123: 2009). The Surui are also engaging
Page 127 and 128: Legal Aspects of the Surui Carbon P
Page 129 and 130: from afforestation, reforestation,
Page 131 and 132: of representing their respective co
Page 133 and 134: they are entitled to participate in
Page 135 and 136: In the case of Brazil, the prolifer
Page 137 and 138: • Article 11, IV of the referred-
Page 139 and 140: Sole paragraph. The rule of this Ar
Page 141 and 142: constitutional rights of Brazilian
Page 143 and 144: of exploitation or use, and belong
Page 145: alignment with the Brazilian consti
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