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4.5. Quasi-static Compression Testing of Empty and Aluminum Foam Filled 1050Aluminum Crash Boxes 4.5.1. Uniaxial compression testing of crash boxes at different strain rates The compression tests of empty boxes without montage plates were carried out between the tool steel plates of Schmadzu AGI 300 kN universal test machine (Figure 4.11). The surfaces of the boxes and compression test plates were lubricated before testing. Empty boxes were tested at two different displacement speeds, 5 mm min -1 and 500 mm min -1 , corresponding to the strain rates of 6.65 x10 -4 and 6.65 x10 -2 s -1 . Figure 4.11. Compression testing of crash box without trigger mechanism and montage part. 74
4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing of Empty Original Crash Boxes The original empty crash boxes without trigger mechanism were compression tested at a loading rate of 5 mm min -1 (Figure 4.12 (a)). Boxes with corrugation sections were also tested under the same loading rate (Figure 4.12 (b)). Figure 4.12. Original crash box compression testing a) without and b) with corrugation section. 4.5.3. Uniaxial Compression Testing of Empty and Partially Foam Filled Crash Box without Montage Parts Empty and partially foam filled 1050H14 aluminum crash boxes (Figure 4.13) with trigger mechanism were tested at a deformation speed of 5 mm min -1 (6.65 x10 -4 These boxes were filled with Al foams (0.11 and 0.15 relative density) and tested at the same deformation speed. Test sample coding and the number of compression tests are tabulated in Table 4.1. s -1 ). 75
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
Page 57 and 58: deformation mode transition from ax
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
Page 61: (a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
Page 67 and 68: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
Page 75 and 76: The quasi-static compression behavi
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
Page 87 and 88: (a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
Page 89 and 90: oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
Page 93: 4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
Page 116 and 117: 5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
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Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
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Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
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The constructed response surface of
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Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
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(a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
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an empty tube wall thickness higher
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where, K is a dimensionless constan
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The dynamic simulation and analytic
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Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
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Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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