cross section crash boxes

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4.3. Tensile Testing of 1050H14 Al The tensile test specimens of 1050H14 Al were prepared both perpendicular and parallel to the extrusion direction. The test samples were machined according to ASTM E8/E8M-08 standard (ASTM 2001) using a electro discharge machine. The dimensions of the tested tensile test specimens are shown in Figure 4.9. 1050H14 tensile test specimens containing a weld zone at the middle were also prepared tested (Figure 4.9). The tensile tests were conducted at a cross-head speed of 5 mm min -1 , corresponding to a quasi-static strain rate of 1.66 x10 -3 used to measure the displacement. s -1 . During the tests, a video extensometer was Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile test sample and welded and unwelded tensile test specimens. 72
4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Boxes Commercially crash boxes of aluminum and steel with different geometries (Figure 4.10(a) and (b)) were purchased and quasi-statically compression tested at 5mm min -1 for the comparison purposes. These crash boxes are used in the automobiles of an average weight of 1100 kg . Before testing, the fixing parts were removed. In the steel crash box, flat plates were welded on the top and at the bottom in order to form a uniform crushing under uniaxial compression loads. The mean load and specific absorbed energy levels of these two commercial available crash boxes were taken as the minimum values which were used to optimize the investigated crash boxes. Figure 4.10. Commercially available crash boxes of a) aluminum and b) steel. (a) (b) 73
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
Page 57 and 58: deformation mode transition from ax
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
Page 61: (a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
Page 67 and 68: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
Page 75 and 76: The quasi-static compression behavi
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
Page 87 and 88: (a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
Page 89 and 90: oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
Page 91: Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
Page 95 and 96: 4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
Page 116 and 117: 5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
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Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
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Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
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The constructed response surface of
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Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
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(a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
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an empty tube wall thickness higher
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where, K is a dimensionless constan
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The dynamic simulation and analytic
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Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
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Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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