cross section crash boxes

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The quasi-static compression behavior of empty and polyurethane foam-filled 6060T5 Al circular tubes was investigated by Guillow et al. (Guillow, et al. 2001). Tubes having different diameter to thickness ratio (D/t) were tested to determine the deformation mode of 6060T5 Al circular tubes as function of D/t. Polyurethane foam filling resulted in higher mean <strong>crash</strong> loads than empty tubes. The deformation mode reverted from non-symmetric mode in empty tubes to axisymmetric mode in high density polyurethane foam-filled tubes. Axial crushing behavior of the intermittent tack-welded cylindrical carbon steel tubes were investigated by Ku et al.(Ku, et al. 2001). Tube without welding, with full butt welding and with tack-welding were compressed in order to explore the effect of tube welding on crushing behavior. In the same investigation, polyurethane foam filled welded cylindrical tubes were also tested. It was shown that folding mode of empty tubes, non-symmetric (diamond) and axisymmetric mixed mode, was not affected by welding, while axisymmetric mode of deformation was found in polyurethane foam- filled tubes, mainly resulting from the circumferential stretching of filler. Continuous weld seam opening occurred in foam filled intermittent tack-welded tubes. This resulted in improvements in energy absorption capacity, by increasing load efficiency and decreasing the load amplitude, more than foam-filled fully welded tubes. Mantena et. al. (Mantena and Mann 2003) investigated the crushing behavior of polymer foam filled cylindrical steel tubes through dynamic impact experiments and simulations. It was reported that circular tubes filled with the highest density foam was the most efficient in terms of mean load and absorbed energy. Meguid et. al. (Meguid, et al. 2004b) simulated the axial compression behavior of foam-filled columns using layered approach in which the foam filler was modeled as a series of horizontal layers. Each layer included single layers of solid elements and the layers were collocated with the nodes of the adjacent layer. Agreements between experimental and model deformation modes and mean load values were found (Figure 3.21). The discrepancy was 5.6% between experimental and simulation results at a displacement of 200 mm. 55
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
Page 28 and 29: The processing methods and mechanic
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
Page 36: Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
Page 57 and 58: deformation mode transition from ax
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
Page 61: (a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
Page 67 and 68: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3.21. Comparison between sim
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.23. Experiment and coupled
Page 80 and 81: investigated by Chen and Wiezbicki
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.28. The variation of the e
Page 84 and 85: and foam filler density on the effi
Page 86 and 87: Figure 4.1. As-received Alulight Al
Page 88 and 89: ox design, various production route
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.6. Technical drawings of t
Page 92 and 93: 4.3. Tensile Testing of 1050H14 Al
Page 94 and 95: 4.5. Quasi-static Compression Testi
Page 96 and 97: Figure 4.13. Compression testing of
Page 98 and 99: Figure 4.14. Uniaxial compression t
Page 100 and 101: densification displacement in a sin
Page 104 and 105: 5.1.2. Aluminum Foam Modeling Figur
Page 108 and 109: usually applied (Marsolek and Reime
Page 110: (a) (b) Figure 5.5. Contact algorit
Page 117 and 118: imposed was a constant prismatic cr
Page 119 and 120: The mesh of sampling points are sho
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.2. Experimental and foam m
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Figure 6.4(b) shows the picture of
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Figure 6.6.(Cont) (b) 6.5. Quasi-st
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Figure 6.8. Load-displacement and m
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fixing part on the mean load values
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deformation in both geometries, Fig
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Figure 6.19.(cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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crash boxes, totally two folds form
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(a) (b) Figure 6.22. Sequential def
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Load-displacement and mean load-dis
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Figure 6.25.(cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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displacement curve of empty tube is
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Table 6.4. Initial peak and mean lo
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Figure 7.1. Experimental and simula
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Figure 7.3. (cont.) (b) 7.3. Simula
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.13. Load-displ
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(b) Figure 7.16. Sequential deforma
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Figure 7.17. (cont.) (b) (c) 147
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Figure 7.18. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.20. Sequential def
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Figure 7.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 153
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7.5. Dynamic Testing of Empty and A
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(b) Figure 8.1. Load-displacement c
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Figure 8.3. (cont.) (b) (a) (b) Fig
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oxes experience higher mean load an
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foam relative density of filled box
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Figure 8.8. (cont.) (b) 170
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Figure 9.1. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) (b)
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9.2. Stroke Efficiency of Crash Box
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foam filled boxes increase with inc
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Figure 9.7.(cont.) 9.4. Total Effic
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and Ψ ′ = GV 0 2 2σ0AL εr (9.1
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Figure 9.11. SEA vs. relative densi
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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS The present
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same. The deformation patterns of d
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REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R.
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Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2
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EPA -United States of America Envir
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Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X.
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Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and
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Miyoshi, T., Itoh, M., Mukai, T., K
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Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F.,
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Wen, C. E., Yamada, Y., Shimojima,
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Education VITA Ahmet Kaan TOKSOY (1
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