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Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and Gillespie, J. W., 2007, Modeling the progressive collapse behavior of metal foams. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 34(3): p. 587-595. Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A., Haque, M. J., Krauthauser, C. and Gillespie, J. W., 2004, High-velocity plate impact of metal foams. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 30(4): p. 421-445. Ma, G. W., Ye, Z. Q. and Shao, Z. S., 2009, Modeling loading rate effect on crushing stress of metallic cellular materials. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 36(6): p. 775-782. Ma, Liqun and Song, Zhenlun, 1998, Cellular structure control of aluminium foams during foaming process of aluminium melt. Scripta Materialia. 39(11): p. 1523-1528. Maine, E. and Ashby, M. F., 2000, Cost Estimation and the Vialibity of Metal Foams. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2(4): p. 205-209. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., Chronopoulos, D. G. and Kostazos, P. K., 2009, On the crashworthiness of composite rectangular thin-walled tubes internally reinforced with aluminium or polymeric foams: Experimental and numerical simulation. Composite Structures. 89(3): p. 416-423. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B. and Kostazos, P. K., 2003a, Crushing of hybrid square sandwich composite vehicle hollow bodyshells with reinforced core subjected to axial loading: numerical simulation. Composite Structures. 61(3): p. 175-186. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B. and Kostazos, P. K., 2005, Numerical simulation of thin-walled metallic circular frusta subjected to axial loading. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 10(5): p. 505-513. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., Kostazos, P. K. and Dimitriou, C., 2003b, Finite element simulation of the axial collapse of metallic thinwalled tubes with octagonal cross-section. Thin-Walled Structures. 41(10): p. 891-900. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., Kostazos, P. K. and Kastanias, S. N., 2003c, Numerical modelling of the axial plastic collapse of externally grooved steel thinwalled tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 8(6): p. 583-590. 202
Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., Kostazos, P. K. and Papapostolou, D. P., 2002, Axial collapse of hybrid square sandwich composite tubular components with corrugated core: numerical modelling. Composite Structures. 58(4): p. 571-582. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B. and Papapostolou, D. P., 2006, The static and dynamic axial collapse of CFRP square tubes: Finite element modelling. Composite Structures. 74(2): p. 213-225. Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., Spentzas, K. N. and Koutroubakis, S., 2008, Static axial collapse of foam-filled steel thin-walled rectangular tubes: experimental and numerical simulation. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 13(2): p. 117-126. Mantena, P. R. and Mann, R., 2003, Impact and dynamic response of high-density structural foams used as filler inside circular steel tube. Composite Structures. 61(4): p. 291-302. Marsolek, J. and Reimerdes, H. G., 2004, Energy absorption of metallic cylindrical shells with induced non-axisymmetric folding patterns. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 30(8-9): p. 1209-1223. McCullough, K. Y. G., Fleck, N. A. and Ashby, M. F., 1999a, Toughness of aluminium alloy foams. Acta Materialia. 47(8): p. 2331-2343. McCullough, K. Y. G., Fleck, N. A. and Ashby, M. F., 1999b, Uniaxial stress-strain behaviour of aluminium alloy foams. Acta Materialia. 47(8): p. 2323-2330. Meguid, S. A., Attia, M. S. and Monfort, A., 2004a, On the crush behaviour of ultralight foam-filled structures. Materials & Design. 25(3): p. 183-189. Meguid, S. A., Cheon, S. S. and El-Abbasi, N., 2002, FE modelling of deformation localization in metallic foams. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 38(7): p. 631-643. Meguid, S. A., Stranart, J. C. and Heyerman, J., 2004b, On the layered micromechanical three-dimensional finite element modelling of foam-filled columns. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 40(9-10): p. 1035-1057. Miller, R. E., 2000, A continuum plasticity model for the constitutive and indentation behaviour of foamed metals. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 42(4): p. 729-754. 203
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Page 20 and 21:
LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
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Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 174 and 175: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213 and 214: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 215 and 216: Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
Page 217 and 218: Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
Page 219 and 220: Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
Page 221: Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
Page 225 and 226: Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228: T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229: Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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