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Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X. and Li, W., 2009, Crashworthiness design for foam filled thin-wall structures. Materials & Design. 30(6): p. 2024-2032. Hsu, S. S. and Jones, N., 2004, Quasi-static and dynamic axial crushing of thin-walled circular stainless steel, mild steel and aluminium alloy tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 9(2): p. 195-217. Huang, X., 2003, Axisymmetric progressive crushing of circular tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 8(1): p. 87-95. Jensen, A., Hopperstad, O. S. and Langseth, M., 2005, Transition from progressive to global buckling of aluminium extrusions a numerical study. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 10(6): p. 609-620. Jensen, A., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 2004, Experimental investigations on the behaviour of short to long square aluminium tubes subjected to axial loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 30(8-9): p. 973-1003. Jones, N.,1989,Structural Impact,Cambridge University Press Jones, N., In Press, Energy-absorbing effectiveness factor. International Journal of Impact Engineering. In Press, Corrected Proof. Kathuria, Y., 2001a, Physical processes in laser-assisted aluminum foaming. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 10(4): p. 429-434. Kathuria, Y. P., 2001b, Laser assisted aluminum foaming. Surface and Coatings Technology. 142-144: p. 56-60. Kathuria, Y. P., 2003a, Nd-YAG laser assisted aluminum foaming. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 142(2): p. 466-470. Kathuria, Y. P., 2003b, A preliminary study on laser assisted aluminum foaming. Journal of Materials Science. 38(13): p. 2875-2881. Kavi, H.,2004,Investigation of compression mechanical behaviour of aluminum foam filled metal tubes Master Thesis,İzmir Instutue of Technology Kavi, H., Toksoy, A. K. and Guden, M., 2006, Predicting energy absorption in a foamfilled thin-walled aluminum tube based on experimentally determined strengthening coefficient. Materials & Design. 27(4): p. 263-269. 200
Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact energy absorption of 6061 aluminum extruded tubes with different cross-sectional shapes. Materials & Design. 20(1): p. 41-49. Kim, H. S., Chen, W. and Wierzbicki, T., 2002, Weight and crash optimization of foamfilled three-dimensional ―S‖ frame. Computational Mechanics. 28(5): p. 417-424. Kitazono, K., Sato, E. and Kuribayashi, K., 2004, Novel manufacturing process of closed-cell aluminum foam by accumulative roll-bonding. Scripta Materialia. 50(4): p. 495-498. Kitazono, K. and Takiguchi, Y., 2006, Strain rate sensitivity and energy absorption of Zn-22Al foams. Scripta Materialia. 55(6): p. 501-504. Kormi, K., Webb, D. C. and Johnson, W., 1993, The crash response of circular tubes under general applied loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 13(2): p. 243-257. Ku, J. H., Seo, K. S., Park, S. W. and Kim, Y. J., 2001, Axial crushing behavior of the intermittent tack-welded cylindrical tubes. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 43(2): p. 521-542. Lademo, O. G., Berstad, T., Eriksson, M., Tryland, T., Furu, T., Hopperstad, O. S. and Langseth, M., 2008, A model for process-based crash simulation. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 35(5): p. 376-388. Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 1997, Local buckling of square thin-walled Aluminium extrusions. Thin-Walled Structures. 27(1): p. 117-126. Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O. S. and Hanssen, A. G., 1998, Crash behaviour of thinwalled aluminium members. Thin-Walled Structures. 32(1-3): p. 127-150. Lee, S., Hahn, C., Rhee, M. and Oh, J-E., 1999, Effect of triggering on the energy absorption capacity of axially compressed aluminum tubes. Materials & Design. 20(1): p. 31-40. Liu, Y., 2008a, Crashworthiness design of multi-corner thin-walled columns. Thin- Walled Structures. 46(12): p. 1329-1337. Liu, Y., 2008b, Design optimization of tapered thin-walled square tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 13(5): p. 543-550. 201
Page 1 and 2:
OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 174 and 175: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213 and 214: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 215 and 216: Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
Page 217 and 218: Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
Page 219: Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
Page 223 and 224: Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
Page 225 and 226: Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228: T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229: Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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