cross section crash boxes

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EPA -United States of America Environmental Protection Agency, 2000,Tier 2 Vehicle & Gasoline Sulfur Program,http://www.epa.gov/tier2/, (accesed November 2009) Fang, H., Rais-Rohani, M., Liu, Z. and Horstemeyer, M. F., 2005, A comparative study of metamodeling methods for multiobjective crashworthiness optimization. Computers & Structures. 83(25-26): p. 2121-2136. Fyllingen, Ø, Hopperstad, O. S. and Langseth, M., 2007, Stochastic simulations of square aluminium tubes subjected to axial loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 34(10): p. 1619-1636. Galib, D. Al and Limam, A., 2004, Experimental and numerical investigation of static and dynamic axial crushing of circular aluminum tubes. Thin-Walled Structures. 42(8): p. 1103-1137. Galib, D. Al, Limam, A. and Combescure, A., 2006, Influence of damage on the prediction of axial crushing behavior of thin-walled aluminum extruded tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 11(1): p. 1 - 12. Gameiro, C. P. and Cirne, J., 2007, Dynamic axial crushing of short to long circular aluminium tubes with agglomerate cork filler. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 49(9): p. 1029-1037. Gibson, L. J. and Ashby, M. F.,1997,Cellular Solids,Cambridge University Press Guillow, S. R., Lu, G. and Grzebieta, R. H., 2001, Quasi-static axial compression of thin-walled circular aluminium tubes. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 43(9): p. 2103-2123. Güden, M. and Kavi, H., 2006, Quasi-static axial compression behavior of constraint hexagonal and square-packed empty and aluminum foam-filled aluminum multi-tubes. Thin-Walled Structures. 44(7): p. 739-750. Haag, M., Wanner, A., Clemens, H., Zhang, P., Kraft, O. and Arzt, E., 2003, Creep of aluminum-based closed-cell foams. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 34(12): p. 2809-2817. Hall, I. W., Ebil, O., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J., 2001, Quasi-static and dynamic crushing of empty and foam-filled tubes. Journal of Materials Science. 36(24): p. 5853-5860. Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Claar, T. D., 2002, Transverse and longitudinal crushing of aluminum-foam filled tubes. Scripta Materialia. 46(7): p. 513-518. 198
Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J., 2000, Crushing of aluminum closed cell foams: density and strain rate effects. Scripta Materialia. 43(6): p. 515-521. Hallquist, J. O.,2006,LsDyna Theory Manual, Han, Fusheng, Zhu, Zhengang and Gao, Junchang, 1998, Compressive deformation and energy absorbing characteristic of foamed aluminum. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 29(10): p. 2497-2502. Hanssen, A. G., Hopperstad, O. S. and Langseth, M., 2001a, Design of aluminium foam-filled crash boxes of square and circular cross-sections. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 6(2): p. 177-188. Hanssen, A. G., Hopperstad, O. S., Langseth, M. and Ilstad, H., 2002, Validation of constitutive models applicable to aluminium foams. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 44(2): p. 359-406. Hanssen, A. G., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 1999, Static crushing of square aluminium extrusions with aluminium foam filler. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 41(8): p. 967-993. Hanssen, A. G., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 2000a, Static and dynamic crushing of circular aluminium extrusions with aluminium foam filler. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 24(5): p. 475-507. Hanssen, A. G., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 2000b, Static and dynamic crushing of square aluminium extrusions with aluminium foam filler. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 24(4): p. 347-383. Hanssen, A. G., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O. S., 2001b, Optimum design for energy absorption of square aluminium columns with aluminium foam filler. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 43(1): p. 153-176. Hanssen, A. G., Lorenzi, L., Berger, K. K., Hopperstad, O. S. and Langseth, M., 2000c, A demonstrator bumper system based on aluminium foam filled crash boxes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 5(4): p. 381-392. Hanssen, A. G., Stabener, K., Rausch, G., Langseth, M. and Keller, H., 2006, Optimisation of energy absorption of an A-pillar by metal foam insert. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 11(3): p. 231-242. Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X. and Li, W., 2008, Multiobjective optimization of multi-cell sections for the crashworthiness design. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 35(11): p. 1355-1367. 199
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 174 and 175: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213 and 214: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 215 and 216: Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
Page 217: Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
Page 221 and 222: Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
Page 223 and 224: Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
Page 225 and 226: Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228: T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229: Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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