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Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2006, Powder compaction effect on foaming behavior of uniaxial pressed PM precursors. Advanced Engineering Materials. 8(9): p. 864-869. Borvik, T., Hopperstad, O. S., Reyes, A., Langseth, M., Solomos, G. and Dyngeland, T., 2003, Empty and foam-filled circular aluminium tubes subjected to axial and oblique quasistatic loading. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 8(5): p. 481-494. Campana, Francesca and Pilone, Daniela, 2008, Effect of wall microstructure and morphometric parameters on the crush behaviour of Al alloy foams. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 479(1-2): p. 58-64. Chen, W. and Nardhi, D., 2000, Experimental study of crush behaviour of sheet aluminium foam-filled <strong>section</strong>s. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 5(4): p. 447-468. Chen, W. and Wierzbicki, T., 2001, Relative merits of single-cell, multi-cell and foamfilled thin-walled structures in energy absorption. Thin-Walled Structures. 39(4): p. 287-306. Chiandussi, G. and Avalle, M., 2002, Maximisation of the crushing performance of a tubular device by shape optimisation. Computers & Structures. 80(27-30): p. 2425-2432. Chirwa, E. C., Latchford, J. and Clavell, P., 2003, Carbon skinned aluminium foam nose cones for high performance circuit vehicles. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 8(1): p. 107-114. Cho, Y-B., Bae, C-H., Suh, M-W. and Sin, H-C., 2006, A vehicle front frame <strong>crash</strong> design optimization using hole-type and dent-type crush initiator. Thin- Walled Structures. 44(4): p. 415-428. Crisfield, M. A.,1991,Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures,John Wiley & Sons Czekanski, A., Attia, M. S., Meguid, S. A. and Elbestawi, M. A., 2005a, On the use of a new cell to model geometric asymmetry of metallic foams. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 41(13): p. 1327-1340. Czekanski, A., Elbestawi, M. and Meguid, S., 2005b, On the FE Modeling of Closedcell Aluminum Foam. International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design. 2(1): p. 23-34. 196
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 174 and 175: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213 and 214: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 215: Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
Page 219 and 220: Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
Page 221 and 222: Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
Page 223 and 224: Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
Page 225 and 226: Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228: T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229: Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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