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REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R., Thompson, A., Salisbury, C., Worswick, M. J. and Van Riemsdijk, I., 2009, Crash response of advanced high-strength steel tubes: Experiment and model. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 36(8): p. 1044-1057. Abramowicz, W. and Jones, N., 1986, Dynamic progressive buckling of circular and square tubes. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 4(4): p. 243-270. Abramowicz, Wlodzimierz and Jones, Norman, 1984, Dynamic axial crushing of square tubes. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 2(2): p. 179-208. Ahmad, Z. and Thambiratnam, D. P., 2009, Dynamic computer simulation and energy absorption of foam-filled conical tubes under axial impact loading. Computers & Structures. 87(3-4): p. 186-197. Aktay, L., Kröplin, B. H., Toksoy, A. K. and Güden, M., 2008, Finite element and coupled finite element/smooth particle hydrodynamics modeling of the quasi-static crushing of empty and foam-filled single, bitubular and constraint hexagonal- and square-packed aluminum tubes. Materials & Design. 29(5): p. 952-962. Alexander, J.M., 1960, An approximate analysis of collapse of thin cylindrical shells under axial loading. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mechanics. 13: p. 10-15. Allen, B. C., Mote, M.W. and Sabroff, A. M.,1963,Method of making foamed metal Andrews, E. W., Gibson, L. J. and Ashby, M. F., 1999a, The creep of cellular solids. Acta Materialia. 47(10): p. 2853-2863. Andrews, E. W., Gioux, G., Onck, P. and Gibson, L. J., 2001, Size effects in ductile cellular solids. Part II: experimental results. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 43(3): p. 701-713. Andrews, E. W., Huang, J. S. and Gibson, L. J., 1999b, Creep behavior of a closed-cell aluminum foam. Acta Materialia. 47(10): p. 2927-2935. Andrews, K. R. F., England, G. L. and Ghani, E., 1983, Classification of the axial collapse of cylindrical tubes under quasi-static loading. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 25(9-10): p. 687-696. 194
Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to Optimum Design,Elsevier Academic Press Asavavisithchai, S. and Kennedy, A. R., 2006, The effect of compaction method on the expansion and stability of aluminium foams. Advanced Engineering Materials. 8(9): p. 810-815. Ashby, M. F., Evans, A. G., Fleck, N. A., Gibson, L. J., Hutchinson, J. W. and Wadley, H.N.G., 2000, Metal Foams : A Design Guide. ASTM,2001, E8/E8M-08, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials,www.astm.org, (accesed November 2009) Avalle, M., Chiandussi, G. and Belingardi, G., 2002, Design optimization by response surface methodology: application to <strong>crash</strong>worthiness design of vehicle structures. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 24(4): p. 325-332. Baccouche, M. Ridha and Wagner, David A., 2001, Crash strength and energy management of axially loaded extruded aluminium components reinforced with epoxy-based Terocore Foam. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 6(4): p. 539-552. Bambach, M. R., Elchalakani, M. and Zhao, X. L., 2009, Composite steel-CFRP SHS tubes under axial impact. Composite Structures. 87(3): p. 282-292. Banhart, J., 2000, Manufacturing routes for metallic foams. JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. 52(12): p. 22-27. Banhart, J., 2001, Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in Materials Science. 46(6): p. 559-632. Banhart, J.,2007,Metal Foams—from Fundamental Research to Applications, Universities Press (India) Limited, India Banhart, J. , 2005, Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles. International Journal of Vehicle Design 37(2/3): p. 114-125. Bardi, F. C., Yun, H. D. and Kyriakides, S., 2003, On the axisymmetric progressive crushing of circular tubes under axial compression. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 40(12): p. 3137-3155. Bathe, Klaus-Jürgen,1996,Finite Element Procedures,Prentice Hall, Inc Baumgärtner, F., Duarte, I. and Banhart, J., 2000, Industrialization of Powder Compact Toaming Process. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2(4): p. 168-174. 195
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Page 20 and 21:
LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 174 and 175: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 217 and 218: Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
Page 219 and 220: Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
Page 221 and 222: Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
Page 223 and 224: Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
Page 225 and 226: Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228: T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229: Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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