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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten as, Ψ = P δ f 0 dδ εr V 0 σdε (9.8) where, P is the axial crushing load , is the corresponding axial crushing displacement, f is the final displacement, V is the volume of the material in the <strong>crash</strong> element and ε r and 0 are the uniaxial tensile engineering rupture strain and flow stress, respectively. The static and dynamic energy-absorbing effectiveness factor (') can be written as, Figure 9.9. The variation of strengthening coefficient with foam plateau stress relative density ratio in fully and partially filled <strong>boxes</strong>. Ψ = Pm δ f σ0AL εr (9.9) 183
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
Page 150 and 151: Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
Page 154 and 155: experimental tensile stress-strain
Page 156 and 157: significant effect of weld seem ope
Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 204: and Ψ ′ = GV 0 2 2σ0AL εr (9.1
Page 208 and 209: Figure 9.11. SEA vs. relative densi
Page 210 and 211: CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS The present
Page 212 and 213: same. The deformation patterns of d
Page 214 and 215: REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R.
Page 216 and 217: Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2
Page 218 and 219: EPA -United States of America Envir
Page 220 and 221: Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X.
Page 222 and 223: Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and
Page 224 and 225: Miyoshi, T., Itoh, M., Mukai, T., K
Page 226 and 227: Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F.,
Page 228 and 229: Wen, C. E., Yamada, Y., Shimojima,
Page 232: Education VITA Ahmet Kaan TOKSOY (1
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