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Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE values of RMS of partially foam filled 1050H14 crash box. Response Function R 2 Radj 2 RMSE Mean Load 0.9958 0.9954 0.9912 SEA 0.9966 0.9963 0.1098 8.2. Optimization of Partially Filled Crush Box with 6061T4 Al and Hydro Foam Filler The material model data of 6061T4 Al (MAT 3) and Hydro Al foam (AlSi8Mg) used in the simulations are tabulated in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. data The plastic-kinematic hardening material model data of 6061T4 Al were taken from reference (Hou, et al. 2008), Hydro Al foam (AlSi8Mg) data from reference (Reyes, et al. 2003). The simulations of Hydro Al foam filling were performed both for 1050H14 and 6061T4 Al alloy boxes. Representative load-displacement curve of partially Hydro foam filled 2 mm thick 6061T4 Al box is shown in Figure 8.4. Similar to Alulight foam filling of 1050H14 Al boxes, Hydro foam filling of 6061T4 Al box of 2 mm thick results in higher load values than empty box, as is expected. However, the increase in load values of filled boxes after about 50 mm displacement is more pronounced in 6061T4 Al boxes than in 1050H14 Al boxes (Figure 8.5). Table 8.2. Plastic-kinematic hardening material model (MAT 3) data of 6061T4 Al (Hou, et al. 2008). Density (kg m -3 ) Poisson Ratio Young Modulus E (GPa) Tangent Modulus Et (MPa) Yield Strength y (MPa) 2700 0.28 70 450 110.3 164
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.14. Sequential deformation
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.16. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
Page 150 and 151: Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
Page 154 and 155: experimental tensile stress-strain
Page 156 and 157: significant effect of weld seem ope
Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 186 and 187: oxes experience higher mean load an
Page 188 and 189: foam relative density of filled box
Page 190: Figure 8.8. (cont.) (b) 170
Page 193 and 194: Figure 9.1. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) (b)
Page 195 and 196: 9.2. Stroke Efficiency of Crash Box
Page 198 and 199: foam filled boxes increase with inc
Page 200: Figure 9.7.(cont.) 9.4. Total Effic
Page 204: and Ψ ′ = GV 0 2 2σ0AL εr (9.1
Page 208 and 209: Figure 9.11. SEA vs. relative densi
Page 210 and 211: CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS The present
Page 212 and 213: same. The deformation patterns of d
Page 214 and 215: REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R.
Page 216 and 217: Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2
Page 218 and 219: EPA -United States of America Envir
Page 220 and 221: Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X.
Page 222 and 223: Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and
Page 224 and 225: Miyoshi, T., Itoh, M., Mukai, T., K
Page 226 and 227: Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F.,
Page 228 and 229: Wen, C. E., Yamada, Y., Shimojima,
Page 232: Education VITA Ahmet Kaan TOKSOY (1
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