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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displacement graphs of empty <strong>crash</strong> box with fixing parts a) 3 mm, b) 2.5 mm and c)2 mm thickness. 154
(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.23. Load-displacement graphs of F1 foam filled <strong>crash</strong> box with fixing parts a) 3 mm, b) 2.5 mm and c)2 mm thickness. 155
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
Page 150 and 151: Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
Page 154 and 155: experimental tensile stress-strain
Page 156 and 157: significant effect of weld seem ope
Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
Page 206: (a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
Page 209 and 210: Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
Page 211 and 212: foam filling were evaluated. The re
Page 213 and 214: 13. The interaction between foam fi
Page 215 and 216: Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
Page 217 and 218: Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
Page 219 and 220: Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
Page 221 and 222: Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
Page 223 and 224: Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
Page 227 and 228:
T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
Page 229:
Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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