cross section crash boxes

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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation pictures of empty and foam filled G1 geometry crash boxes: a) 3 mm thickness, b) 2.5 mm thickness and c) 2 mm thickness. .................................................................................... 121 Figure 6.22. Sequential deformation pictures of empty and foam filled G2 geometry crash boxes: a) 3 mm thickness, b) 2.5 mm thickness and c) 2mm thickness. ..................................................................................... 123 Figure 6.23. Cross-section pictures of deformed empty and F1 foam filled 1050 H14 G1 box with montage parts, t=3 mm. .............................................. 124 Figure 6.24. Load-displacement graphs of G1 and G2 empty and filled crash boxes with a) 3 mm, b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. .......................... 125 Figure 6.25. Mean load-displacement graphs of G1 and G2 empty and filled crash boxes with a) 3 mm, b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. ................ 126 Figure 6.26. SEA-displacement graphs of G1 and G2 empty and filled crash boxes with montage parts a) 3 mm, b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. .................................................................................................. 127 Figure 6.27. Load-displacement graphs of a) quasi-statically and dynamically tested empty crash box, b) load-displacement graphs of empty tube after reconstruction and c) load-displacement graphs of filled crash box after reconstruction. ........................................................................... 129 Figure.6.28. Deformation pattern of quasi-static and dynamically tested empty (G1T3WPE) and partially filled (G1T3WPF1) crash boxes. ................... 131 Figure 7.1. Experimental and simulation compression stress-strain curves of Alulight Al foam with relative densities of 0.11 and 0.15. ...................... 133 Figure 7.2. Experimental and Mat 26 Honeycomb foam model simulation compression stress-strain curves of Alulight Al foams at various relative densities. ...................................................................................... 133 Figure 7.3. The deformation pictures of numerically tensile testes sample and fractured experimental tensile test sample and (b) experimental and numerical, Mat 3 and Mat 24, engineering stress–strain curves of 1050 H14 Al. ............................................................................................ 134 Figure 7.4. Sequential deformation photos of empty crash box without montage parts, t=3 mm (G1T3E). ........................................................................... 136 Figure 7.5. Sequential deformation photos of filled crash box without montage parts, t=3 mm (G1T3F1). ......................................................................... 137 xvi
Figure 7.6. Sequential deformation photos of filled crash box without montage parts, t=3 mm (G1T3F2). ......................................................................... 137 Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of filled crash box without montage parts, t=2 mm (G1T2F2). ......................................................................................... 138 Figure 7.8. Sequential deformation photos of empty crash box without montage parts, t= 3 mm (G2T3E). .......................................................................... 138 Figure 7.9. Sequential deformation photos of filled crash box without montage parts, t=3 mm (G2T3F1). ........................................................................ 139 Figure 7.10. Sequential deformation photos of filled crash box without montage parts, t= 3 mm (G2T3F2). ........................................................................ 139 Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of empty and filled crash box without montage parts, t=2.5 mm (G2T2.5E) ...................................................................... 140 Figure 7.12. Deformation photo of filled crash box without montage parts, t= 2 mm (G2T2F1). ......................................................................................... 140 Figure 7.13. Load-displacement graphs of empty crash box without fixing parts, a) 3 mm , b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. .......................................... 141 Figure 7.14. Load-displacement graphs of F1 foam filled crash box without fixing parts, a) 3 mm , b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. ...................... 142 Figure 7.15. Load-displacement graphs of F2 foam filled crash box without fixing parts, a) 3 mm , b) 2.5 mm and c) 2 mm thickness. ...................... 143 Figure 7.16. Sequential deformation pictures of crash box with montage parts a) empty, b) F1 foam filled and c) F2 foam filled (Geometry G1, t =3 mm) .......................................................................................................... 145 Figure 7.17. Sequential deformation pictures of crash box with montage parts a) empty, b) F1 foam filled and c) F2 foam filled (Geometry G1, t= 2.5 mm) .................................................................................................... 146 Figure 7.18. Sequential deformation pictures of crash box with montage parts a) empty, b) F1 foam filled and c) F2 foam filled (Geometry G1, t= 2 mm). ......................................................................................................... 148 Figure 7.19. Sequential deformation pictures of crash box with montage parts a) empty, b)F1 foam filled and c) F2 foam filled (Geometry G2, t= 3 mm) .......................................................................................................... 149 xvii
Page 1 and 2: OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
Page 12 and 13: Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
Page 14 and 15: Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
Page 18 and 19: Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
Page 20 and 21: LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
Page 22 and 23: Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
Page 28 and 29: The processing methods and mechanic
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
Page 36: Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
Page 57 and 58: deformation mode transition from ax
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
Page 61: (a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
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considered in axial and transverse
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were constrained. Since the width o
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5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
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great effect on the crushing behavi
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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
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(a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
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plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
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(a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
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Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
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Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
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Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
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Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
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Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
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Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
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experimental tensile stress-strain
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significant effect of weld seem ope
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Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
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Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
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7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
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Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
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Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
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Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
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The constructed response surface of
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Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
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(a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
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an empty tube wall thickness higher
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where, K is a dimensionless constan
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The dynamic simulation and analytic
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Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
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Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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